Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 1 - 26, 15.04.2014
Öz
Küreselleşme, artan rekabet, bilişim teknolojilerinde hızlı değişim ve birçok faktör günümüzün iş dünyasını etkilemekte ve değişimi gerekli kılmaktadır. Yaşanan değişimler çerçevesinde şirketlerin ayakta kalmaları, onların yaratıcı ve yenilikçi küresel ürünler ve stratejiler geliştirmelerine bağlı olacaktır. Bu bağlamda işletmeler küresel anlamda pazarlara açılmakta ve rekabetçi güçlerini artırmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Yaşanan bu gelişmeler çerçevesinde, Türk şirketleride uluslararası pazarlara açılma eğilimine girmiş olup, değişen iş dünyasına ayak uydurmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bu çalışma, öncelikli olarak uluslararası pazarlarda iş yapan Türk şirketlerinin karşılaşacabilecekleri engeller ve bu engellerin yönetimi üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, iki önemli soru cevaplandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Birincisi, Türk şirketlerinin uluslararası pazarlarda karşılaşacakları kültürel farklılıklar ve onların yarattığı engeller nelerdir? İkincisi ise, bu engellerin hangi metot ve stratejiler kullanılarak yönetilebileceği ve rekabetçi avantajlara dönüştürülebileceğidir? Yine bu çalışmada uluslararası pazarlarda iş yapan şirketlerin karşılaşabilecekleri diğer engeller ortaya konup, uluslararası faaliyetlerin başarısında Türk yöneticilerin rolleri açıklanıcaktır. Son olarakta Türk şirketlerine tavsiyelerde bulunulacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Türk Şirketleri Kültürel farklılıklar Kültürel Engeller Kültürel Engellerin Yönetimi
Kaynakça
- Adler, N.J. (1986). International dimensions of organisational behaviour. 2nd Eds.
- Belmont, California: PWS-Kent Publishing Company Adler, N.J., Doktor, R., & Redding, S.G. (1986). From the Atlantic to the pacific century: cross-cultural management reviewed, Journal of Management.12.2.295- 318.
- Adler, N. J., & Graham, J. L. (1989). Cross-cultured interaction: the international comparison fallacy? Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 3, 515-558. Adler, N. J. (1997). The preface of the book of ‘International Management Behaviour’, Lane, H. W., DiStefano, J.J., and Maznevski, J.J. (1997). International Management Behaviour, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK.
- Akçaoğlu, E. (2007). Türk Diş Yatirimlari Ve Uluslararasi Rekabet Gücü. http://www.akcaoglu.net.
- Alon, I,. Ve Higgins, J. M.(2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences, Business Horizons, 48, 501—512 Alpender, G.G., & Carter, K.D. (1995). Strategic multinational intra-company differences in employee motivation. In J. Terence (Eds.). Cross-Cultural Management. 97-110.
- Bakan, İ. (2006). Dış Ticarette İletişim, Iş Ticaret: İşlemler ve Uygulamalar, Editörler: Ç. Bedestenci, Canıtes, M. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Brewster, C. (1994). Towards a European model of human resource management. Journal of International Business Studies, 26,1, 1-21.
- Byrne, D. (1971). Attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
- Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of Culture. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. a., Moffett, M. H. (1996). Internation Business. The Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace Collee Publishers London.
- Dainty, P (2005): “Leading and Managing in a Global Environment: developing Executive competencies for the world stage”. Melbourne University. Downloaded on 25-01-08 from http://www.mbs.edu/index.cfm?obiectid=951E445E-123F-D8- 2D988BBC66640C5
- DiStefano, J.J., & Maznevski, L.M. (2000). Creating value with diverse teams in global management, Organisational Dynamics, 29,1, 45-63.
- Earley, P.C., & Gibson C.B. (1998). Taking stock in our progress on individualism- collectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community. Journal of Management, 24, 3, 265-304.
- Earley, P. C., ve Mosakowski, E.(2004) Cultural intelligence, Harvard Business Review.
- Easterby-Smith, M., Malina, D., & Yuan, L. (1995), How culture-sensitive is HRM? A comparative analysis of practice in Chinese and UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(1), 31-59.
- Elashmawi, F. (1998). Overcoming multicultural clashes in global joint ventures. European Business Review, 98, 4.211-216. England, G.W. (1986). National work meaning and patterns- constraints on management action. European Management Journal, 4, 3, 176-184.
- England, G.W. (1995). National work meaning and patterns-constraints on management action. In Terence, J. (Eds), Cross-Cultural Management, 110-124.
- Evans, P., Lank, E. & Farquar.A. (1989). Managing human resources in international firms; lessons from practice. cited in Hoecklin, L. (1995). Cambridge:Addison-
- Wesley Pub. Fincham, R., and Rhodes, P. (1994). The individual, work, and organization: behavioural studies for business and management. 2nd Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Goodwin.R. (1999). Personal relationships across cultures. London: Routledge. Hambrick, Donlad, C. Ve Davison, Sue Canney,
- Snell, Scoott, A., Snow, Charles, C. (1998), when the group consist of multiple nationalities: toward a new understanding of the implications. Organisation Studies, 19,2, 181-205.
- Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H., and Bell, M.P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96-107.
- Hayes, J., & Allinson, C.W. (1995). Cultural difference in the learning styles of managers. In J. Terence (Eds.). Cross-Cultural Management. 373-379.
- Hoecklin, L. (1995). Managing cultural differences. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley Pub.
- Hofstede, G. (1980; 1984). Culture's conseguences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
- Hofstede, G. (1985). The interaction between national and organisational value systems, Journal of Management Studies, 22, 4, 347-357.
- Hofstede, G. (1991). Culture and organisations: software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
- Kagono, T., Nonaka, I., Sakakibara, K., & Okumura, A. (1985). Strategic vs evolutionary management: A U.S.- Japan Comparison of Strategy and Organization. North Holland, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
- Katz, D.,and Kahn, R.L.(1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York;Wiley.
- Kirchmeyer, C. & McLellan, J. (1991), ’Capitalising on ethnic diversity: An approach to managing the diverse workgroups of the 1990s’, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 8(2), 72-78.
- Koçel, T. (2003). İşletme Yöneticiliği. 9. Bası, İstanbul: Beta
- Lane, H. W., DiStefano, J.J., and Maznevski, J.J. (1997) İnternational Management Behaviour, Balckwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK.
- Lane, H.W., & Beamish, P.W. (1990). Cross-cultural co-operative behaviour in joint venture in LDCs. Management International Review, 30, 87-102.
- Lichtenberger, B., & Naulleau, G. (1994). French-German joint ventures: cultural conflicts and synergies. International Business Review, 2,3, 297-307.
- Macfarlane, A. (2007). Global Leadership Development: A Working Paper Presented To The Eighth International Conference On HRD Research & Practice Across Europe 27 - 29 JUNE 2007.
- Mazneski, M. (2006). Leading with cultural intelligence. Financial Times.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eb76e076-d93f-11db-9b4a- 000b5df10621,dwp_uuid=5bd47902-91db-11db-a945-0000779e2340.html?nclick_check=1
- Mead, R. (1998) Internationla Management. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Oxford, UK.
- Mendenhall, M.E. (2001), New perspectives on expatriate adjustment and its relationship to global leadership development. In Mendenhall, M.E. Kühlmann, T.M.Stahl, G.K. (Eds.), Developing Global Business Leaders. London: Quorum Books, 1-16.
- Mendenhall, M., Punnett, B. J.,ve Ricks, D. (1995), Global Management. Blackwell Pub, Oxford, UK
- Meyer, Heintz-Dieter. (1993). The cultural gab in long-term international work groups: A German- American case study. European Management Journal, 11, 1, 93-101.
- Mutlu, E. C. (1999). Uluslararası İşletmecilik. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. Cağaloğlu-İstanbul.
- Nardon, L., and Steers, R. M. (2007) The New Global Manager: Learning Cultures on the Fly, Organizational Dynamics, 37, 1, pp. 47-59.
- Newman, K.L., & Nollen, S.D. (1996). Culture and congruence: The fit between management practices and national culture. Journal of International Business Studies, fourth quarter, 753-779.
- Ngo, Hang-Yue., Turban, D., Lau, Chung-Ming., & Lui, Siu-Yun. (1998).Human Resource practices and firm performance of multinational corporations:influences of country of origin. The International Journal of Human Resources Management, 9, 4, 632-652.
- Odenwald, S.(1993). A guide for Global Training, Training & Development, 47,7, 2231
- Parker, B. (1998), Globalization and Business Practice. Sage Publications, London.
- Parkhe, A. (1991). Interfirm diversity, organisational learning, and longevity in global strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies, 579-601.
- Pfeffer, J. (1983). Organizational demography. In Cumming, L.L and Staw, B.M (Eds). Research in Organisational Behaviour, vol: 5. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
- Schackleton, U.V. and Newell, S. (1991). Management selection: A comparative survey of methods used in top British and French companies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 23-36.
- Schneider, S. C., & Barsoux, Jean-Louis (1997). Managing across cultures. New York: Financial Times.
- Scheneider, S.C., & DeMeyer, A. (1991). Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 307-20.
- Schuler, R.S., & Rogovsky, N (1998). Understanding compensation practice variations across firms: The impact of the national culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 29,1, 159-177.
- Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: towards an understanding of national differences. In U. Kim, H.C. Trandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, and G. Yoon. (Eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theoretical and Methodological issues, 85-119. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Smith, P.B., & Dugan, S., and Trompenaars, F. (1996). National culture and the values of organisational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 231-264.
- Smith P.B., & Bond, M.H. (1998). Social psychology across the cultures. Prentice Hall Europe. Great Britain. An, Joo-Seng (2004), Cultural Intelligence and the Global Economy, Issues & Observations http://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/publications/lia/v24n5question.pdf
- Tinsley, C.H., & Pillutla, M.M. (1998). Negotiating in the United States and Hong Kong. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 4, 711-728.
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
- Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organisations, Group& Organisations Management, 31, 1, 20-26.
- Trompenears, F. (1997). Riding the waves of culture. London: Brealeyt.
- Wagner III, J.A. (1995). Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 152-172.
- Wang, Z. M., & Satow, T. (1994). The patterns of HRM: Eight cases of Chinese- Japanese joint ventures and two cases of wholly Japanese ventures. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9, 4, 12-21.
- Watson, W.E., vd. (1993). “Cultural diversity's impact oninteractions process and performance: comparing .... ”Academy of Management Journal, 36, 3, (590-602
- Woldu, H. G. Budhwar, P. S., Parkes, C., (2006). A cross-national comparison of cultural value orientations of Indian, Polish, Russian and American employees, Int. J. of Human Resource Management ,17:6, 1076-1094.
- World Bank Report (2008). Poverty in an age of globalization.
Yıl 2014,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7, 1 - 26, 15.04.2014
Öz
Globalisation, increasing competition and rapid advances in information technologies have affected the business worldwide and forced the companies to adapt to changing business conditions. Under these changes and development, companies need to be creative, innovative and produce global products and strategies in order to survive. Companies are striving to engage in international business activities to increase their market presence in global markets and improve their competitiveness. Turkish companies also are trying to catch up with business world by involving international business activities.
This article presents the main challenges facing Turkish companies abroad. The article particularly tries to answer two fundamental questions: What are the cultural differences and associated challenges for Turkish companies in cross-border business interactions and how to deal with these challenges and how to turn them into competitive advantage? This article also outlines other possible challenges that Turkish companies may confront abroad and additionally discusses the role of Turkish managers in cross-border business relationship. The study concludes with some recommendations to for Turkish companies.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Turkish Companies Cultural Differences Cultural Challenges Management of Cultural Challenges
Kaynakça
- Adler, N.J. (1986). International dimensions of organisational behaviour. 2nd Eds.
- Belmont, California: PWS-Kent Publishing Company Adler, N.J., Doktor, R., & Redding, S.G. (1986). From the Atlantic to the pacific century: cross-cultural management reviewed, Journal of Management.12.2.295- 318.
- Adler, N. J., & Graham, J. L. (1989). Cross-cultured interaction: the international comparison fallacy? Journal of International Business Studies, 20, 3, 515-558. Adler, N. J. (1997). The preface of the book of ‘International Management Behaviour’, Lane, H. W., DiStefano, J.J., and Maznevski, J.J. (1997). International Management Behaviour, Blackwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK.
- Akçaoğlu, E. (2007). Türk Diş Yatirimlari Ve Uluslararasi Rekabet Gücü. http://www.akcaoglu.net.
- Alon, I,. Ve Higgins, J. M.(2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences, Business Horizons, 48, 501—512 Alpender, G.G., & Carter, K.D. (1995). Strategic multinational intra-company differences in employee motivation. In J. Terence (Eds.). Cross-Cultural Management. 97-110.
- Bakan, İ. (2006). Dış Ticarette İletişim, Iş Ticaret: İşlemler ve Uygulamalar, Editörler: Ç. Bedestenci, Canıtes, M. Gazi Kitabevi, Ankara.
- Brewster, C. (1994). Towards a European model of human resource management. Journal of International Business Studies, 26,1, 1-21.
- Byrne, D. (1971). Attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press.
- Chinese Culture Connection. (1987). Chinese values and the search for culture-free dimensions of Culture. Journal of Cross- Cultural Psychology, 18, 143-164. Czinkota, M. R., Ronkainen, I. a., Moffett, M. H. (1996). Internation Business. The Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace Collee Publishers London.
- Dainty, P (2005): “Leading and Managing in a Global Environment: developing Executive competencies for the world stage”. Melbourne University. Downloaded on 25-01-08 from http://www.mbs.edu/index.cfm?obiectid=951E445E-123F-D8- 2D988BBC66640C5
- DiStefano, J.J., & Maznevski, L.M. (2000). Creating value with diverse teams in global management, Organisational Dynamics, 29,1, 45-63.
- Earley, P.C., & Gibson C.B. (1998). Taking stock in our progress on individualism- collectivism: 100 years of solidarity and community. Journal of Management, 24, 3, 265-304.
- Earley, P. C., ve Mosakowski, E.(2004) Cultural intelligence, Harvard Business Review.
- Easterby-Smith, M., Malina, D., & Yuan, L. (1995), How culture-sensitive is HRM? A comparative analysis of practice in Chinese and UK companies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(1), 31-59.
- Elashmawi, F. (1998). Overcoming multicultural clashes in global joint ventures. European Business Review, 98, 4.211-216. England, G.W. (1986). National work meaning and patterns- constraints on management action. European Management Journal, 4, 3, 176-184.
- England, G.W. (1995). National work meaning and patterns-constraints on management action. In Terence, J. (Eds), Cross-Cultural Management, 110-124.
- Evans, P., Lank, E. & Farquar.A. (1989). Managing human resources in international firms; lessons from practice. cited in Hoecklin, L. (1995). Cambridge:Addison-
- Wesley Pub. Fincham, R., and Rhodes, P. (1994). The individual, work, and organization: behavioural studies for business and management. 2nd Eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Goodwin.R. (1999). Personal relationships across cultures. London: Routledge. Hambrick, Donlad, C. Ve Davison, Sue Canney,
- Snell, Scoott, A., Snow, Charles, C. (1998), when the group consist of multiple nationalities: toward a new understanding of the implications. Organisation Studies, 19,2, 181-205.
- Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H., and Bell, M.P. (1998). Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 1, 96-107.
- Hayes, J., & Allinson, C.W. (1995). Cultural difference in the learning styles of managers. In J. Terence (Eds.). Cross-Cultural Management. 373-379.
- Hoecklin, L. (1995). Managing cultural differences. Cambridge: Addison-Wesley Pub.
- Hofstede, G. (1980; 1984). Culture's conseguences: International differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
- Hofstede, G. (1985). The interaction between national and organisational value systems, Journal of Management Studies, 22, 4, 347-357.
- Hofstede, G. (1991). Culture and organisations: software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
- Kagono, T., Nonaka, I., Sakakibara, K., & Okumura, A. (1985). Strategic vs evolutionary management: A U.S.- Japan Comparison of Strategy and Organization. North Holland, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam.
- Katz, D.,and Kahn, R.L.(1978). The social psychology of organizations. New York;Wiley.
- Kirchmeyer, C. & McLellan, J. (1991), ’Capitalising on ethnic diversity: An approach to managing the diverse workgroups of the 1990s’, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 8(2), 72-78.
- Koçel, T. (2003). İşletme Yöneticiliği. 9. Bası, İstanbul: Beta
- Lane, H. W., DiStefano, J.J., and Maznevski, J.J. (1997) İnternational Management Behaviour, Balckwell Publisher, Ltd, Oxford, UK.
- Lane, H.W., & Beamish, P.W. (1990). Cross-cultural co-operative behaviour in joint venture in LDCs. Management International Review, 30, 87-102.
- Lichtenberger, B., & Naulleau, G. (1994). French-German joint ventures: cultural conflicts and synergies. International Business Review, 2,3, 297-307.
- Macfarlane, A. (2007). Global Leadership Development: A Working Paper Presented To The Eighth International Conference On HRD Research & Practice Across Europe 27 - 29 JUNE 2007.
- Mazneski, M. (2006). Leading with cultural intelligence. Financial Times.
- http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/eb76e076-d93f-11db-9b4a- 000b5df10621,dwp_uuid=5bd47902-91db-11db-a945-0000779e2340.html?nclick_check=1
- Mead, R. (1998) Internationla Management. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. Oxford, UK.
- Mendenhall, M.E. (2001), New perspectives on expatriate adjustment and its relationship to global leadership development. In Mendenhall, M.E. Kühlmann, T.M.Stahl, G.K. (Eds.), Developing Global Business Leaders. London: Quorum Books, 1-16.
- Mendenhall, M., Punnett, B. J.,ve Ricks, D. (1995), Global Management. Blackwell Pub, Oxford, UK
- Meyer, Heintz-Dieter. (1993). The cultural gab in long-term international work groups: A German- American case study. European Management Journal, 11, 1, 93-101.
- Mutlu, E. C. (1999). Uluslararası İşletmecilik. Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş. Cağaloğlu-İstanbul.
- Nardon, L., and Steers, R. M. (2007) The New Global Manager: Learning Cultures on the Fly, Organizational Dynamics, 37, 1, pp. 47-59.
- Newman, K.L., & Nollen, S.D. (1996). Culture and congruence: The fit between management practices and national culture. Journal of International Business Studies, fourth quarter, 753-779.
- Ngo, Hang-Yue., Turban, D., Lau, Chung-Ming., & Lui, Siu-Yun. (1998).Human Resource practices and firm performance of multinational corporations:influences of country of origin. The International Journal of Human Resources Management, 9, 4, 632-652.
- Odenwald, S.(1993). A guide for Global Training, Training & Development, 47,7, 2231
- Parker, B. (1998), Globalization and Business Practice. Sage Publications, London.
- Parkhe, A. (1991). Interfirm diversity, organisational learning, and longevity in global strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies, 579-601.
- Pfeffer, J. (1983). Organizational demography. In Cumming, L.L and Staw, B.M (Eds). Research in Organisational Behaviour, vol: 5. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
- Schackleton, U.V. and Newell, S. (1991). Management selection: A comparative survey of methods used in top British and French companies. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64, 23-36.
- Schneider, S. C., & Barsoux, Jean-Louis (1997). Managing across cultures. New York: Financial Times.
- Scheneider, S.C., & DeMeyer, A. (1991). Interpreting and responding to strategic issues: The impact of national culture. Strategic Management Journal, 12, 307-20.
- Schuler, R.S., & Rogovsky, N (1998). Understanding compensation practice variations across firms: The impact of the national culture. Journal of International Business Studies, 29,1, 159-177.
- Schwartz, S.H. (1994). Cultural dimensions of values: towards an understanding of national differences. In U. Kim, H.C. Trandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, and G. Yoon. (Eds.), Individualism and Collectivism: Theoretical and Methodological issues, 85-119. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- Smith, P.B., & Dugan, S., and Trompenaars, F. (1996). National culture and the values of organisational employees: A dimensional analysis across 43 nations. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 231-264.
- Smith P.B., & Bond, M.H. (1998). Social psychology across the cultures. Prentice Hall Europe. Great Britain. An, Joo-Seng (2004), Cultural Intelligence and the Global Economy, Issues & Observations http://www.ccl.org/leadership/pdf/publications/lia/v24n5question.pdf
- Tinsley, C.H., & Pillutla, M.M. (1998). Negotiating in the United States and Hong Kong. Journal of International Business Studies, 25, 4, 711-728.
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
- Triandis, H. C. (2006). Cultural intelligence in organisations, Group& Organisations Management, 31, 1, 20-26.
- Trompenears, F. (1997). Riding the waves of culture. London: Brealeyt.
- Wagner III, J.A. (1995). Studies of individualism-collectivism: Effects on cooperation in groups. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 152-172.
- Wang, Z. M., & Satow, T. (1994). The patterns of HRM: Eight cases of Chinese- Japanese joint ventures and two cases of wholly Japanese ventures. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 9, 4, 12-21.
- Watson, W.E., vd. (1993). “Cultural diversity's impact oninteractions process and performance: comparing .... ”Academy of Management Journal, 36, 3, (590-602
- Woldu, H. G. Budhwar, P. S., Parkes, C., (2006). A cross-national comparison of cultural value orientations of Indian, Polish, Russian and American employees, Int. J. of Human Resource Management ,17:6, 1076-1094.
- World Bank Report (2008). Poverty in an age of globalization.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014Cilt: 4 Sayı: 7 |
