The Relationship Between Empowering Leadership And Empowerment: A Theoretical Approach
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 31 - 48, 15.04.2012
İsmail Bakan
,
Tuba Büyükbeşe
Burcu Erşahan
,
Muaz Güngören
Öz
In today’s competitive and innovative business environment, empowerment has maintained its place as a popular concept since the 1980s, and has been discussed by academics and practitioners. In reviewing the literature on employee empowerment, the concepts of empowering leadership and empowerment are often used interchangeably, or in the same sense. This study aims to contribute to the theory by clarifying both concepts and their relationships with each other.
Kaynakça
- ALBRECHT, Simon L, Andreetta, Manuela (2011). "The Influence Of Empowering Leadership, Empowerment And Engagement On Affective
Commitment And Turnover Intentions In Community Health Service Workers: Test Of A Model". Leadership in Health Services, 24(3), 228 - 237.
- ARNOLD, Josh J., Arad, Sharon, Rhoades, Jonathan A. ve Drasgow, Fritz (2000). “The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire: The Construction And Validation Of A New Scale For Measuring Leader Behaviors”.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249-269.
- ARSLANTAŞ, Cem Cüneyt (2007). “Güçlendirici Lider Davranışının Psikolojik Güçlendirme Üzerindeki Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Görgül Bir Araştırma”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 227-240. ARSLANTAŞ, Cem Cüneyt ve Meral Dursun (2008). “Etik Liderlik Davranışının Yöneticiye Duyulan Güven ve Psikolojik Güçlendirme Üzerindeki Etkisinde Etkileşim Adaletinin Dolaylı Rolü”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 111-128.
- BARTRAM, Timothy, Casimir, Gian (2007). "The Relationship Between Leadership And Follower In-Role Performance And Satisfaction With The Leader: The Mediating Effects of Empowerment And Trust In The Leader". Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 28 (1), 4 - 19.
- BOLAT, Oya İnci, Bolat, Tamer, Seymen, Oya Aytemiz (2009). “Güçlendirici Lider Davranışları ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlişkinin Sosyal Mübadele Kuramından Hareketle İncelenmesi”, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (21), 215-239.
- BRYMER, Robert, A. (1991). “Employee Empowerment: A Guest Driven Leadership Strategy”. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 58-68.
- BUTTS, Mike (2004). “Command Performance: Empowerment Is The Catalyst For Positive Corporate Changes”. Prosales, December, http://www.findarticles.eom/p/artides/mi_m0ntc/is_12_16/ai_n8586621 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- CEYLAN, Adnan, Çöl, Güner ve Gül, Hasan (2005). "İşin Anlamlılığını Belirleyen Sosyal - Yapısal Özelliklerin Güçlendirmeye Olan Etkileri Ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bir Araştırma". Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 6(1), 35-51.
- COLEMAN, Henry, J. (1996). “Why Employee Empowerment İs Not Just A Fad”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(4), 29-36.
- CONGER, Jay, A. (1989). "Leadership: The Art of Empowering Others".
Academy of ManagementExecutive 3, 17-24.
- CONGER, Jay, A. ve Kanungo, Rabindra, N. (1998). “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory And Practice”. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 471-482.
- ÇAVUŞ, Mustafa. Fedai. (2006). “Personel Güçlendirme: İmalat Sanayi İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma”. Çukurova Üniversitesi,
http://joy.yasar.edu.tr/ makale /10.sayı/ personel_ güçlendirme_ 10v3.pdf, 1-13, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- COŞKUN, Meral “Personel Güçlendirme ve Takım Çalışması”, Hr Türkiye, http://www.hrtmkiye.com/index.php/personel-guclendirme-ve-takim- calismasi/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- ÇAVUŞ, Mustafa Fedai ve Akgemci, Tahir, (2008) “İşletmelerde Personel Güçlendirmenin Örgütsel Yaratıcılık ve Yenilikçiliğe Etkisi: İmalat Sanayinde Bir Araştırma”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 229-244.
- ÇÖL, Güner (2004). "Personel Güçlendirme (Empowerment) Kavramının Benzer Yönetim Kavramlarıyla Karşılaştırılması". İş, Güç, Endüstri İlişkileri Ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 6 (2).
- ÇÖL, Güner (2008). “Algılanan Güçlendirmenin Bsgören Performansı Üzerine Etkileri”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 35-46.
DAFF, Richard, L. (2001). “Organization, Theory and Design”. (Seventh Edition). South Western: Thompson Learning.
- DOĞAN, Selen (2006). “Büyük Ölçekli İşletmelerde İnsan Kaynakları Yöneticilerinin Güçlendirilmiş Bir İş Çevresi Yaratmaya Ne Kadar İstekli ve Hazır Olduklarının Tespitine İlişkin Bir Araştırma”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 13(2), 165-189.
- DOĞAN Selen ve Demiral, Özge (2007). “İşletmelerde Personel Güçlendirme Kültürünün Yaratılmasıyla Müşteri Memnuniyetinin Sağlanması”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12 (9), 282-303.
- DOĞAN Selen ve Selçuk Kılıç (2007). “Örgütsel Bağlılığın Sağlanmasında Personel Güçlendirmenin Yeri ve Önemi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 37-61.
- FIELD, Laurie (1997) "Impediments To Empowerment And Learning Within Organizations". Learning Organization, The, 4(4), 149 - 158.
- GANDZ, Jeffrey (1990). “The Employee Empowerment Era”. Business Quarterly, 55(2), 74-79.
- GINNODA, Bill (1997). “The Who, What, When, Where, Why and How of Empowerment”, The Power of Empowerment: What tha Experts Say and 16 Actionable Case Studies. Arlington: Pride Publications, 2-14.
- GIST, Marilyn (1987). “Self-Efficacy: İmplications For Organizational Behaviour And Human Resource Management”. Academy of Management Journal, 12, 472-85.
- GREASLEY Kay, Bryman Alan, Dainty Andrew, Price Andrew, Soetanto Robby ve King Nicola (2005). “Employee perceptions of empowerment”. Employee Relations, 27 : 354-368.
- HARVEY, Donald F. Bowin, Robert Bruce (1996). “Human Resource Management -An Experiential Approach”. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
- HONOLD, Linda (1997). “A Review Of The Literature On Employee Empowerment”. EmpowermentIn Organizations, 5(4), 202-212.
- KIEFFER, Charles, H. (1984). “Citizen Empowerment: A Developmental Perspective”. Prevention In Human Services, 3(2-3), 9-36.
Ketchum, Lyman D. ve Trist, Eric (2005). “All Teams Are Not Created Equal: How Employee Empowerment Really Works”. Sage Publications, Inc.
- KIRKMAN, Bradley L. ve Rosen, Benson (1999). “Beyond Self-Management: Antecedents And Consequences Of Team Empowerment”. Academy Of Management Journal, 42, 58-74.
- KOÇEL, Tamer (2005). “İşletme Yöneticiliği” (10. Basım).İstanbul: Arıkan Yayıncılık.
- KOÇEL, Tamer (2010). İşletme Yöneticiliği - Yönetici Geliştirme, Organizasyon ve Davranış. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
- KONCZAK Lee J., Stelly Damian J. Ve Trusty Michael L. (2000). “Defining and Measuring Empowering Leader Behaviors: Development Of An Upward Feedback Instrument”. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 301-313.
- KRISHNA, Y. Rama (2007). “Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Commitment”. The Icfai Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 26-36.
- LEACH, Desmond J., Wall, Toby D. ve Jackson, Paul, R. (2003). “The Effect Of Empowerment On Job Knowledge: An Empirical Test Involving Operators Of Complex Technology”. Special Issue: The Industrial and Organizational-Cognitive Psychology Interface, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 27-52.
- LONDON, Manuel (1993). “Relationship Between Career Motivation, Empowerment and Support For Career Development”. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 66, 55-69.
- OHIO CERTIFIED PUBLIC MANAGER PROGRAM (2006), “Employee Empowerment”, Management Survival Guide, http://www.geocities.com/scruffered/empowerment.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- PEARCE, Craig L. ve Conger, Jay, A. (2003). “Shared Leadership:Reframing The Hows And Whys Of Leadership”.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- PECCEI, Riccardo and ROSENTHAL, Patrice (2001). “Delivering Customer- Oriented Behaviour Through Empowerment: an Empirical Test of HRM Assumptions”. Journal of Management Studies, 38(6), 831-857.
- PSOINOS, Anna, Kem, Thomas ve Smithson, Steve (2000). “An Exploratory Study Of İnformation Systems In Support Of Employee Empowerment”.
Journal Of Information Technology, 15, 211- 230.
- RANDOLPH, Alan. (2000). “Real Empowerment?: Manage The Boundaries”.
HarvardBusiness Publishing Newsletters, 5(7).
- RANDOLPH, Alan W. ve Sashkin, Marshall (2002). “Can Organizational Empowerment Work In Multinational Settings?”. Academy of Management Executive, 16 (1), 102-115.
- SAEMANN, Ralph (1992) "The Environment and the Need for New Technology, Empowerment and Ethical Values". Columbia Journal of WorldBusiness, 27 (Fall-Winter), 186-93.
- SANDBULTE, Arend (2002). “Employee Empowerment Means Organizational Success”. http://www.cebcglobal.org/ Publications/ Executive Summary/EXS- 0692.htm: 1-2, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- SMITH, Bryan (1997). "Empowerment - The Challenge Is Now". Empowerment In Organizations, 5( 3), 120 - 122.
- SPREITZER, Gretchen, M. (1995), “Psychological Empowerment In The Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation”. Academy Of Management Journal, 38,1442-1465.
- SPREITZER, Gretchen, M., KIZILOS, Mark A., NASON, Stephan W. (1997). “A Dimensional Analysis Of The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment And Effectiveness, Satisfaction, and Strain”. Journal of Management, 23(5), 679-704.
- SPREITZER, Gretchen, M., DE JANASZ, Suzanne, C., QUIN, Robert, E. (1999). “Empowered To Lead: The Role Of Psychological Empowerment İn Leadership”. Journal of Organizational Behavior,20, 511-526.
- STRAUSS, George (1963). “Some notes on power equalization”. (Ed.H. Levitt). The social science of organizations: Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall. 40-84.
- THOMAS Kenneth, W. ve Velthouse Betty, A. (1990). “Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An Interpretive Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation”. The Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681.
- VOGT, Judith, F. and MURRELL, Kenneth, .L. (1990). “Empowerment in Organizations: How to Spark Exceptional Performance”. San Diego: University Associates, CA.
- WALLERSTEIN, Nina (1992). “Powerlessness, Empowerment And Health: Implications For Health Promotion Programs”. American Journal Of Health Promotion, 6(3), 197-205.
- WHITMORE, Elizabeth ve Kerans, Patrichk(1988). “Participation, Empowerment and Welfare”. Canadian Review Of Social Policy, 22, 51 60.
- WILKINSON, Adnan (1998). “Empowerment: Theory And Practice”. Personnel Review, 27, 1, 40-56.
- YILDIRIM, Halil (2011). “Personel Güçlendirme”. Çağdaş Yönetim Yaklaşımları. (Editör: İsmail Bakan). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- YIP, Joseph, S. L. (2000). “Quality Service Success-Property Management Development to Empowerment: A Hong Kong Analysis”. Structural Survey, 18(4), 148-154.
GÜÇLENDİREN LİDERLİK VE PERSONEL GÜÇLENDİRME İLİŞKİSİ: TEORİK BİR YAKLAŞIM
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 31 - 48, 15.04.2012
İsmail Bakan
,
Tuba Büyükbeşe
Burcu Erşahan
,
Muaz Güngören
Öz
Akademisyenler ve uygulayıcılar tarafından 1980’li yıllardan bu yana yoğun olarak tartışılan bir kavram olan personel güçlendirme, rekabetin ve yenilik arayışlarının yaşandığı günümüz iş dünyasında halen popüler bir kavram olarak yerini korumakta ve önemi artarak devam etmektedir. Personel güçlendirmeye ilişkin literatür incelendiğinde güçlendiren liderlik ve personel güçlendirme kavramlarının çoğu zaman birbirlerinin yerine, ya da aynı anlamda kullanıldıkları dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, her iki kavrama ve birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerine açıklık getirerek teoriye katkıda bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Kaynakça
- ALBRECHT, Simon L, Andreetta, Manuela (2011). "The Influence Of Empowering Leadership, Empowerment And Engagement On Affective
Commitment And Turnover Intentions In Community Health Service Workers: Test Of A Model". Leadership in Health Services, 24(3), 228 - 237.
- ARNOLD, Josh J., Arad, Sharon, Rhoades, Jonathan A. ve Drasgow, Fritz (2000). “The Empowering Leadership Questionnaire: The Construction And Validation Of A New Scale For Measuring Leader Behaviors”.
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249-269.
- ARSLANTAŞ, Cem Cüneyt (2007). “Güçlendirici Lider Davranışının Psikolojik Güçlendirme Üzerindeki Etkisini Belirlemeye Yönelik Görgül Bir Araştırma”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 227-240. ARSLANTAŞ, Cem Cüneyt ve Meral Dursun (2008). “Etik Liderlik Davranışının Yöneticiye Duyulan Güven ve Psikolojik Güçlendirme Üzerindeki Etkisinde Etkileşim Adaletinin Dolaylı Rolü”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 111-128.
- BARTRAM, Timothy, Casimir, Gian (2007). "The Relationship Between Leadership And Follower In-Role Performance And Satisfaction With The Leader: The Mediating Effects of Empowerment And Trust In The Leader". Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 28 (1), 4 - 19.
- BOLAT, Oya İnci, Bolat, Tamer, Seymen, Oya Aytemiz (2009). “Güçlendirici Lider Davranışları ve Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı Arasındaki İlişkinin Sosyal Mübadele Kuramından Hareketle İncelenmesi”, Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (21), 215-239.
- BRYMER, Robert, A. (1991). “Employee Empowerment: A Guest Driven Leadership Strategy”. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 32(1), 58-68.
- BUTTS, Mike (2004). “Command Performance: Empowerment Is The Catalyst For Positive Corporate Changes”. Prosales, December, http://www.findarticles.eom/p/artides/mi_m0ntc/is_12_16/ai_n8586621 (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- CEYLAN, Adnan, Çöl, Güner ve Gül, Hasan (2005). "İşin Anlamlılığını Belirleyen Sosyal - Yapısal Özelliklerin Güçlendirmeye Olan Etkileri Ve Sonuçları Üzerine Bir Araştırma". Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 6(1), 35-51.
- COLEMAN, Henry, J. (1996). “Why Employee Empowerment İs Not Just A Fad”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 17(4), 29-36.
- CONGER, Jay, A. (1989). "Leadership: The Art of Empowering Others".
Academy of ManagementExecutive 3, 17-24.
- CONGER, Jay, A. ve Kanungo, Rabindra, N. (1998). “The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory And Practice”. Academy of Management Review, 13 (3), 471-482.
- ÇAVUŞ, Mustafa. Fedai. (2006). “Personel Güçlendirme: İmalat Sanayi İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma”. Çukurova Üniversitesi,
http://joy.yasar.edu.tr/ makale /10.sayı/ personel_ güçlendirme_ 10v3.pdf, 1-13, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- COŞKUN, Meral “Personel Güçlendirme ve Takım Çalışması”, Hr Türkiye, http://www.hrtmkiye.com/index.php/personel-guclendirme-ve-takim- calismasi/, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- ÇAVUŞ, Mustafa Fedai ve Akgemci, Tahir, (2008) “İşletmelerde Personel Güçlendirmenin Örgütsel Yaratıcılık ve Yenilikçiliğe Etkisi: İmalat Sanayinde Bir Araştırma”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20, 229-244.
- ÇÖL, Güner (2004). "Personel Güçlendirme (Empowerment) Kavramının Benzer Yönetim Kavramlarıyla Karşılaştırılması". İş, Güç, Endüstri İlişkileri Ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 6 (2).
- ÇÖL, Güner (2008). “Algılanan Güçlendirmenin Bsgören Performansı Üzerine Etkileri”. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 9(1), 35-46.
DAFF, Richard, L. (2001). “Organization, Theory and Design”. (Seventh Edition). South Western: Thompson Learning.
- DOĞAN, Selen (2006). “Büyük Ölçekli İşletmelerde İnsan Kaynakları Yöneticilerinin Güçlendirilmiş Bir İş Çevresi Yaratmaya Ne Kadar İstekli ve Hazır Olduklarının Tespitine İlişkin Bir Araştırma”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 13(2), 165-189.
- DOĞAN Selen ve Demiral, Özge (2007). “İşletmelerde Personel Güçlendirme Kültürünün Yaratılmasıyla Müşteri Memnuniyetinin Sağlanması”. Selçuk Üniversitesi Karaman İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12 (9), 282-303.
- DOĞAN Selen ve Selçuk Kılıç (2007). “Örgütsel Bağlılığın Sağlanmasında Personel Güçlendirmenin Yeri ve Önemi”. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29, 37-61.
- FIELD, Laurie (1997) "Impediments To Empowerment And Learning Within Organizations". Learning Organization, The, 4(4), 149 - 158.
- GANDZ, Jeffrey (1990). “The Employee Empowerment Era”. Business Quarterly, 55(2), 74-79.
- GINNODA, Bill (1997). “The Who, What, When, Where, Why and How of Empowerment”, The Power of Empowerment: What tha Experts Say and 16 Actionable Case Studies. Arlington: Pride Publications, 2-14.
- GIST, Marilyn (1987). “Self-Efficacy: İmplications For Organizational Behaviour And Human Resource Management”. Academy of Management Journal, 12, 472-85.
- GREASLEY Kay, Bryman Alan, Dainty Andrew, Price Andrew, Soetanto Robby ve King Nicola (2005). “Employee perceptions of empowerment”. Employee Relations, 27 : 354-368.
- HARVEY, Donald F. Bowin, Robert Bruce (1996). “Human Resource Management -An Experiential Approach”. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
- HONOLD, Linda (1997). “A Review Of The Literature On Employee Empowerment”. EmpowermentIn Organizations, 5(4), 202-212.
- KIEFFER, Charles, H. (1984). “Citizen Empowerment: A Developmental Perspective”. Prevention In Human Services, 3(2-3), 9-36.
Ketchum, Lyman D. ve Trist, Eric (2005). “All Teams Are Not Created Equal: How Employee Empowerment Really Works”. Sage Publications, Inc.
- KIRKMAN, Bradley L. ve Rosen, Benson (1999). “Beyond Self-Management: Antecedents And Consequences Of Team Empowerment”. Academy Of Management Journal, 42, 58-74.
- KOÇEL, Tamer (2005). “İşletme Yöneticiliği” (10. Basım).İstanbul: Arıkan Yayıncılık.
- KOÇEL, Tamer (2010). İşletme Yöneticiliği - Yönetici Geliştirme, Organizasyon ve Davranış. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
- KONCZAK Lee J., Stelly Damian J. Ve Trusty Michael L. (2000). “Defining and Measuring Empowering Leader Behaviors: Development Of An Upward Feedback Instrument”. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 301-313.
- KRISHNA, Y. Rama (2007). “Psychological Empowerment and Organizational Commitment”. The Icfai Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 26-36.
- LEACH, Desmond J., Wall, Toby D. ve Jackson, Paul, R. (2003). “The Effect Of Empowerment On Job Knowledge: An Empirical Test Involving Operators Of Complex Technology”. Special Issue: The Industrial and Organizational-Cognitive Psychology Interface, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 27-52.
- LONDON, Manuel (1993). “Relationship Between Career Motivation, Empowerment and Support For Career Development”. Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 66, 55-69.
- OHIO CERTIFIED PUBLIC MANAGER PROGRAM (2006), “Employee Empowerment”, Management Survival Guide, http://www.geocities.com/scruffered/empowerment.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- PEARCE, Craig L. ve Conger, Jay, A. (2003). “Shared Leadership:Reframing The Hows And Whys Of Leadership”.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
- PECCEI, Riccardo and ROSENTHAL, Patrice (2001). “Delivering Customer- Oriented Behaviour Through Empowerment: an Empirical Test of HRM Assumptions”. Journal of Management Studies, 38(6), 831-857.
- PSOINOS, Anna, Kem, Thomas ve Smithson, Steve (2000). “An Exploratory Study Of İnformation Systems In Support Of Employee Empowerment”.
Journal Of Information Technology, 15, 211- 230.
- RANDOLPH, Alan. (2000). “Real Empowerment?: Manage The Boundaries”.
HarvardBusiness Publishing Newsletters, 5(7).
- RANDOLPH, Alan W. ve Sashkin, Marshall (2002). “Can Organizational Empowerment Work In Multinational Settings?”. Academy of Management Executive, 16 (1), 102-115.
- SAEMANN, Ralph (1992) "The Environment and the Need for New Technology, Empowerment and Ethical Values". Columbia Journal of WorldBusiness, 27 (Fall-Winter), 186-93.
- SANDBULTE, Arend (2002). “Employee Empowerment Means Organizational Success”. http://www.cebcglobal.org/ Publications/ Executive Summary/EXS- 0692.htm: 1-2, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2012).
- SMITH, Bryan (1997). "Empowerment - The Challenge Is Now". Empowerment In Organizations, 5( 3), 120 - 122.
- SPREITZER, Gretchen, M. (1995), “Psychological Empowerment In The Workplace: Dimensions, Measurement, and Validation”. Academy Of Management Journal, 38,1442-1465.
- SPREITZER, Gretchen, M., KIZILOS, Mark A., NASON, Stephan W. (1997). “A Dimensional Analysis Of The Relationship Between Psychological Empowerment And Effectiveness, Satisfaction, and Strain”. Journal of Management, 23(5), 679-704.
- SPREITZER, Gretchen, M., DE JANASZ, Suzanne, C., QUIN, Robert, E. (1999). “Empowered To Lead: The Role Of Psychological Empowerment İn Leadership”. Journal of Organizational Behavior,20, 511-526.
- STRAUSS, George (1963). “Some notes on power equalization”. (Ed.H. Levitt). The social science of organizations: Englewood Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall. 40-84.
- THOMAS Kenneth, W. ve Velthouse Betty, A. (1990). “Cognitive Elements of Empowerment: An Interpretive Model of Intrinsic Task Motivation”. The Academy of Management Review, 15, 666-681.
- VOGT, Judith, F. and MURRELL, Kenneth, .L. (1990). “Empowerment in Organizations: How to Spark Exceptional Performance”. San Diego: University Associates, CA.
- WALLERSTEIN, Nina (1992). “Powerlessness, Empowerment And Health: Implications For Health Promotion Programs”. American Journal Of Health Promotion, 6(3), 197-205.
- WHITMORE, Elizabeth ve Kerans, Patrichk(1988). “Participation, Empowerment and Welfare”. Canadian Review Of Social Policy, 22, 51 60.
- WILKINSON, Adnan (1998). “Empowerment: Theory And Practice”. Personnel Review, 27, 1, 40-56.
- YILDIRIM, Halil (2011). “Personel Güçlendirme”. Çağdaş Yönetim Yaklaşımları. (Editör: İsmail Bakan). İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
- YIP, Joseph, S. L. (2000). “Quality Service Success-Property Management Development to Empowerment: A Hong Kong Analysis”. Structural Survey, 18(4), 148-154.