Araştırma Makalesi
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Images of Turks in The Works of Lawrence Durrell

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 193 - 213, 15.04.2011

Ahmet Kayıntu

Öz

This study seeks to explore the images of Turks as a non-european other in the works of Lawrence Durrell. In his works, Durrell shows how representations of cultural difference are inextricably linked to representations of sexual difference. Thus Durrell’s Europeans are surroundered with an aura of colonial power, erotic potency, and easy penetration into the spaces of the other while Turks are reprented as feminized, emasculated and humiliated. The images of the European White man and non- are dependent on the negative image of Turks ,the other. In exactly the same way, Istanbul ispresented as a city of decadence and decay, a place where decent human values broken down and where individuals survive by their wits abilitiy to dodge or swindle.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lawrence Durrell Turks The Revolt of Aphrodite

Kaynakça

  • AYDIN, Kamil; Images of Turkey in Western Literatüre, The British Council, 1999.
  • BEGNAL, Michael H; Ed. On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of Lawrence Durrell. Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1990.
  • BOONE, Joseph A.; “Lawrence Durrell, Alexandria Quartet: Homoerotic Negotiatians in Colonial Narrative.” Libidinial Currents: Sexuality and The Shaping of Modernism. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998
  • ______“Mappings of Male Desire in Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet”, SouthAtlantic Quarterly 88, 1989, ss. 73-106.
  • BOOTH, Wayne C; The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1983.
  • BOWKER, Gordon; Through the Dark Labyrinth: A Biography of Lawrence Durrell. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997.
  • BRIGHAM, James A; “The Uncommon Ground.” Into the Labyrinth: Essays on the Art of Lawrence Durrell. Ed. Frank L. Kersnowski. Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1989, 23-29. .
  • CHRISTENSEN, Peter G; “The Achievement and Failure: Durrell’s Three Early Novels”, Lawrence Durrell: Comprehending The Whole. Edited By Julious Rowan Raper, Melody L. Enscore, Paige Matthey Bynum. University Of Missouri, Columbia, 1995, s. 231.
  • DASENBROCK, Reed Way; “Lawrence Durrell and the Modes of Modernism”, Twentieth Century Literature 33, 1987, s. 525.
  • DAVISON, Roderic H.; The Modern Nations in Historical Perspective: Turkey. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1968.
  • DERİNGİL, Selim; İktidarın Sembolleri ve ideoloji: II. Abdulhamid Dönemi (1876-1909). çev: Gül Çağalı Güven, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002.
  • DICKSON, Gregory; “Sprengler’s Theory of Architecture in Durrell’s Tunc and Nunquam” Deus loci: The Lawrence Durrell Newsletter 5.1,1981, ss. 272-80.
  • DURRELL, Lawrence; PiedPiper of Lovers. London, Cassell, 1935.
  • ______ Panic Spring. London, Faber, 1937.
  • ______ The Black Book. The Olympia Reader, Selections From the
  • Traveller's Companion Series. Ed. Maurice Girodias. New York, Quality Paperback Book Club, 1965.
  • _____Prospero ’s Cell: A Guide to the Landscape and Manners of the
  • Island of Corcyra, Faber, London, 1975.
  • ______Cefalu, London, Editions poetry, London, 1947. As The Dark Labyrinth, Ace, London, 1947.
  • ______Sappho: A Play in Verse, Faber, London, 1950.
  • _____A Key to Modern British Poetry. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.
  • _____Bitter Lemons of Cyprus. London, Faber & Faber, 1957.
  • ______and Henry Miller. A Private Correspondence. Ed. George Wickes. New York, E. P. Dutton, 1963.
  • ______The Alexandria Quartet. London, Faber & Faber, 1962.
  • _____Justine: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1957.
  • _____Balthazar. A Novel, London, Faber & Faber, 1958.
  • _____Mountolive: A Novel, London, Faber & Faber, 1958.
  • ______Clea: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1960.
  • ______Spirit of Place: Letters and Essays on Travel. Edited by Alan G. Thomas. London, Faber, 1969.
  • ______The Revolt of Aphrodite. London, Faber and Faber, 1974.
  • _____Reflection on a Marine Venus. New York, Penguin,1978, s. 53.
  • ______Tunc: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1957.
  • _____Nunquam: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1970.
  • ______ “ Overture” On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of Lawrence Durrell. Begnal, Michael H., Ed Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1990, ss. 11-25
  • _____Monsieur, or The Prince of Darkness. London, Faber & Faber, 1974.
  • _____Liva, or BuriedAlive. London, Faber & Faber, 1978.
  • ______Constance, or Solitary Practices. London, Faber & Faber, 1982.
  • ______“From The Elephant’s Back.” Poetry London/Apple Magazine 2 1982, ss. 1-9.
  • ______Sebastian, or Ruling Passions. London, Faber & Faber, 1983.
  • ______Quinx, or The Ripper's Tale. London, Faber & Faber, 1985.
  • _____A Smile in the Mind's Eye. London, Wildwood House, 1980.
  • _____Miller Letters, 1935-1980. New York, New Directions, 1988.
  • FERTILE, Candace; “The Role of Writer in Lawrence Durrell’s Fiction” On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of Lawrence Durrell. Ed Michael H. Begnal. Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1990, s. 74
  • FOUCAULT, Michel; Dits et ecrits, Gallimard, Paris, 1 vol., 1994, ss. 161-162., akt. Karlis Racevskis, “Edward Said ve Michel Foucault: Benzerlikler ve Uyumsuzluklar”, çev. Salih Akkanat, Oryantalizm: Tartışma Metinleri, ed. Aytaç Yıldız, Doğu Batı Yayınlan, Ankara, 2007.
  • _______Power/Knowledge, Pantheon Books, New York, 1980.
  • _______Hapishanenin Doğuşu, Çev: Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay, İmge Kitabevi: 1992
  • FRIEDMAN, Alan Warren; Ed. Critical Essays on Lawrence Durrell. Critical Essays on British Literature. Boston, G.K. Hall & Co., 1987.
  • GEORGEON, François; Sultan Abdulhamid. çev: Ali Berktay. Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2006.
  • GIFFORD, James Donald; „The Unknown is Constant’ The Fiction and Literary Relationship of Lawrence Durrell and Henry Miller. University of Alberta, 2006.
  • ______“Reading Orientalism and The Crisis of Epistemmology in The Novels of Lawrence Durrell” CLC Web. Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal 1 (1999), s, 3.
  • <http:www.arts.ualberta.ca/cwebjoumal/clcweb99-2/gifford99.htm> (25.02.2008).
  • GWYNNE, Rosalind; “İslam and Muslims in the Alexandria Quartet” Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal 5 (1997), ss, 90-102.
  • HERBRECHTER, Stefan; Lawrence Durrell, Postmodernism and the Ethics of Alterity. Postmodern Studies 26. Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1999.
  • HUSSEIN, Abdirahman A.; Edward Said: Criticism and Society. New York, Verso, 2002.
  • HÜLAGÜ, M. Metin; Sultan II. Abdulhamid’in Sürgün Günleri: Hususi Doktoru Atıf Hüseyin Beyin Hatıratı, İstanbul, Pan Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Ed. Nezar Al-Sayyad. Brookfield, VT, Avebury -Ashgate, 1992, ss. 83105.
  • KABBANİ, Rana; Europe’s Myth’s of the Orient, Indiana UP, Bloomington, 1986.
  • KACZVINSKY, Donald P; Lawrence Durrell's Major Novels, or The Kingdom of the Imagination. London, Associated University Presses, 1997.
  • ______“Memlik’s House and Mountolive’s Uniform: Orientalism, Ornamentalism and
  • KINZER, Stephen; Bellapais Journal. Bitter Memories of a Love Affair With Cyprus, April 15, 1998.
  • KUMRULAR, Özlem; Türk Korkusu. İstanbul, Doğan Yayıncılık, 2008.
  • LILLIOS, Anna (ed.); Lawrence Durrell and the Greek World. London, Associated University Presses, 2004.
  • LOOMBA, Ania; Kolonyalizm/Postkolonyalizm, çev: Mehmet Küçük, İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2000.
  • MACNIVEN, Ian S; Lawrence Durrell: A Biography. London, Faber & Faber, 1998.
  • MITCHELL, Timothy; Colonising Egypt. University of California Press, 1988.
  • MOORE, Harry T; ed. The World of Lawrence Durrell. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 1962.
  • PINCHIN, Jane Lagoudis; Alexandria Still: Forster, Durrell and Cavafy. Princeton Essays in Literature. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1977.
  • PINE, Richard; Lawrence Durrell: The Mindscape. New York, St Martin's, 1994.
  • RAPER, Julius Rowan; Eds. Lawrence Durrell: Comprehending the Whole. Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1995.
  • REDDAWAY, John; Burdened with Cyprus, Great Britain, Clarendon Press, 1985.
  • ROBINSON, Jeremy; Lawrence Durrell: Between Love and Death, Between East and West. Kidderminster, Worcester, England, Crescent Moon, 1995.
  • RUBIN, Andrew N; “Edward W. Said (1935-2003)” , Oryantalizm: Tartışma Metinleri, ed. Aytaç Yıldız, Doğu Batı Yayınlan, Ankara, 2007, s. 25.
  • SAID, Edward; Şarkiyatçılık, Batı’nın Şark Anlayışları. Çev: Berna Ülner, Metis, 1995.
  • _______Kültür ve Emperyalizm. Çev. Necmiye Alpay, İstanbul, Hil Yayın, 1998.
  • ______ The World, the Text, and the Critic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1983.

LAWRENCE DURRELL’IN ESERLERİNDE TÜRK İMGESİ

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 193 - 213, 15.04.2011

Ahmet Kayıntu

Öz

Bu çalışma Avrupalı olmayan öteki olarak Türklerin Lawrence Durrell’m eselerindeki imgesini araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Durrell eserlerinde kültürel farkın nasıl kaçınılmaz bir şekilde cinsel farkın temsillerine bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla Durrell’ın Avrupalıları sömürgeci güç, cinsel iktidara sahip ve ötekinin mekânlarına kolayca nüfuz ederken Türkler dişileştirilmiş, hadımlaştırılmış, aşağılanmış olarak temsil edilirler.. Avrupalı beyaz adam imgesi öteki olan Türk imgesinin olumsuzlanmasına dayanır. Aynı şekilde, İstanbul insani değerlerin kaybolduğu, bireylerin kurnazlık veya sahtekârlık becerilerine göre yaşamlarını sürdükleri çürümüş ve yozlaşmış bir kent olarak temsil edilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lawrence Durrell Türkler Afrodit’in Başkaldırısı

Kaynakça

  • AYDIN, Kamil; Images of Turkey in Western Literatüre, The British Council, 1999.
  • BEGNAL, Michael H; Ed. On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of Lawrence Durrell. Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1990.
  • BOONE, Joseph A.; “Lawrence Durrell, Alexandria Quartet: Homoerotic Negotiatians in Colonial Narrative.” Libidinial Currents: Sexuality and The Shaping of Modernism. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1998
  • ______“Mappings of Male Desire in Durrell’s Alexandria Quartet”, SouthAtlantic Quarterly 88, 1989, ss. 73-106.
  • BOOTH, Wayne C; The Rhetoric of Fiction, 2nd ed. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1983.
  • BOWKER, Gordon; Through the Dark Labyrinth: A Biography of Lawrence Durrell. New York, St. Martin's Press, 1997.
  • BRIGHAM, James A; “The Uncommon Ground.” Into the Labyrinth: Essays on the Art of Lawrence Durrell. Ed. Frank L. Kersnowski. Ann Arbor, UMI Research Press, 1989, 23-29. .
  • CHRISTENSEN, Peter G; “The Achievement and Failure: Durrell’s Three Early Novels”, Lawrence Durrell: Comprehending The Whole. Edited By Julious Rowan Raper, Melody L. Enscore, Paige Matthey Bynum. University Of Missouri, Columbia, 1995, s. 231.
  • DASENBROCK, Reed Way; “Lawrence Durrell and the Modes of Modernism”, Twentieth Century Literature 33, 1987, s. 525.
  • DAVISON, Roderic H.; The Modern Nations in Historical Perspective: Turkey. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1968.
  • DERİNGİL, Selim; İktidarın Sembolleri ve ideoloji: II. Abdulhamid Dönemi (1876-1909). çev: Gül Çağalı Güven, İstanbul, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2002.
  • DICKSON, Gregory; “Sprengler’s Theory of Architecture in Durrell’s Tunc and Nunquam” Deus loci: The Lawrence Durrell Newsletter 5.1,1981, ss. 272-80.
  • DURRELL, Lawrence; PiedPiper of Lovers. London, Cassell, 1935.
  • ______ Panic Spring. London, Faber, 1937.
  • ______ The Black Book. The Olympia Reader, Selections From the
  • Traveller's Companion Series. Ed. Maurice Girodias. New York, Quality Paperback Book Club, 1965.
  • _____Prospero ’s Cell: A Guide to the Landscape and Manners of the
  • Island of Corcyra, Faber, London, 1975.
  • ______Cefalu, London, Editions poetry, London, 1947. As The Dark Labyrinth, Ace, London, 1947.
  • ______Sappho: A Play in Verse, Faber, London, 1950.
  • _____A Key to Modern British Poetry. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1952.
  • _____Bitter Lemons of Cyprus. London, Faber & Faber, 1957.
  • ______and Henry Miller. A Private Correspondence. Ed. George Wickes. New York, E. P. Dutton, 1963.
  • ______The Alexandria Quartet. London, Faber & Faber, 1962.
  • _____Justine: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1957.
  • _____Balthazar. A Novel, London, Faber & Faber, 1958.
  • _____Mountolive: A Novel, London, Faber & Faber, 1958.
  • ______Clea: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1960.
  • ______Spirit of Place: Letters and Essays on Travel. Edited by Alan G. Thomas. London, Faber, 1969.
  • ______The Revolt of Aphrodite. London, Faber and Faber, 1974.
  • _____Reflection on a Marine Venus. New York, Penguin,1978, s. 53.
  • ______Tunc: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1957.
  • _____Nunquam: A Novel. London, Faber & Faber, 1970.
  • ______ “ Overture” On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of Lawrence Durrell. Begnal, Michael H., Ed Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1990, ss. 11-25
  • _____Monsieur, or The Prince of Darkness. London, Faber & Faber, 1974.
  • _____Liva, or BuriedAlive. London, Faber & Faber, 1978.
  • ______Constance, or Solitary Practices. London, Faber & Faber, 1982.
  • ______“From The Elephant’s Back.” Poetry London/Apple Magazine 2 1982, ss. 1-9.
  • ______Sebastian, or Ruling Passions. London, Faber & Faber, 1983.
  • ______Quinx, or The Ripper's Tale. London, Faber & Faber, 1985.
  • _____A Smile in the Mind's Eye. London, Wildwood House, 1980.
  • _____Miller Letters, 1935-1980. New York, New Directions, 1988.
  • FERTILE, Candace; “The Role of Writer in Lawrence Durrell’s Fiction” On Miracle Ground: Essays on the Fiction of Lawrence Durrell. Ed Michael H. Begnal. Lewisburg, Bucknell University Press, 1990, s. 74
  • FOUCAULT, Michel; Dits et ecrits, Gallimard, Paris, 1 vol., 1994, ss. 161-162., akt. Karlis Racevskis, “Edward Said ve Michel Foucault: Benzerlikler ve Uyumsuzluklar”, çev. Salih Akkanat, Oryantalizm: Tartışma Metinleri, ed. Aytaç Yıldız, Doğu Batı Yayınlan, Ankara, 2007.
  • _______Power/Knowledge, Pantheon Books, New York, 1980.
  • _______Hapishanenin Doğuşu, Çev: Mehmet Ali Kılıçbay, İmge Kitabevi: 1992
  • FRIEDMAN, Alan Warren; Ed. Critical Essays on Lawrence Durrell. Critical Essays on British Literature. Boston, G.K. Hall & Co., 1987.
  • GEORGEON, François; Sultan Abdulhamid. çev: Ali Berktay. Homer Kitabevi, İstanbul, 2006.
  • GIFFORD, James Donald; „The Unknown is Constant’ The Fiction and Literary Relationship of Lawrence Durrell and Henry Miller. University of Alberta, 2006.
  • ______“Reading Orientalism and The Crisis of Epistemmology in The Novels of Lawrence Durrell” CLC Web. Comparative Literature and Culture: A WWWeb Journal 1 (1999), s, 3.
  • <http:www.arts.ualberta.ca/cwebjoumal/clcweb99-2/gifford99.htm> (25.02.2008).
  • GWYNNE, Rosalind; “İslam and Muslims in the Alexandria Quartet” Deus Loci: The Lawrence Durrell Journal 5 (1997), ss, 90-102.
  • HERBRECHTER, Stefan; Lawrence Durrell, Postmodernism and the Ethics of Alterity. Postmodern Studies 26. Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1999.
  • HUSSEIN, Abdirahman A.; Edward Said: Criticism and Society. New York, Verso, 2002.
  • HÜLAGÜ, M. Metin; Sultan II. Abdulhamid’in Sürgün Günleri: Hususi Doktoru Atıf Hüseyin Beyin Hatıratı, İstanbul, Pan Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Ed. Nezar Al-Sayyad. Brookfield, VT, Avebury -Ashgate, 1992, ss. 83105.
  • KABBANİ, Rana; Europe’s Myth’s of the Orient, Indiana UP, Bloomington, 1986.
  • KACZVINSKY, Donald P; Lawrence Durrell's Major Novels, or The Kingdom of the Imagination. London, Associated University Presses, 1997.
  • ______“Memlik’s House and Mountolive’s Uniform: Orientalism, Ornamentalism and
  • KINZER, Stephen; Bellapais Journal. Bitter Memories of a Love Affair With Cyprus, April 15, 1998.
  • KUMRULAR, Özlem; Türk Korkusu. İstanbul, Doğan Yayıncılık, 2008.
  • LILLIOS, Anna (ed.); Lawrence Durrell and the Greek World. London, Associated University Presses, 2004.
  • LOOMBA, Ania; Kolonyalizm/Postkolonyalizm, çev: Mehmet Küçük, İstanbul: Ayrıntı, 2000.
  • MACNIVEN, Ian S; Lawrence Durrell: A Biography. London, Faber & Faber, 1998.
  • MITCHELL, Timothy; Colonising Egypt. University of California Press, 1988.
  • MOORE, Harry T; ed. The World of Lawrence Durrell. Carbondale, Southern Illinois University Press, 1962.
  • PINCHIN, Jane Lagoudis; Alexandria Still: Forster, Durrell and Cavafy. Princeton Essays in Literature. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1977.
  • PINE, Richard; Lawrence Durrell: The Mindscape. New York, St Martin's, 1994.
  • RAPER, Julius Rowan; Eds. Lawrence Durrell: Comprehending the Whole. Columbia, University of Missouri Press, 1995.
  • REDDAWAY, John; Burdened with Cyprus, Great Britain, Clarendon Press, 1985.
  • ROBINSON, Jeremy; Lawrence Durrell: Between Love and Death, Between East and West. Kidderminster, Worcester, England, Crescent Moon, 1995.
  • RUBIN, Andrew N; “Edward W. Said (1935-2003)” , Oryantalizm: Tartışma Metinleri, ed. Aytaç Yıldız, Doğu Batı Yayınlan, Ankara, 2007, s. 25.
  • SAID, Edward; Şarkiyatçılık, Batı’nın Şark Anlayışları. Çev: Berna Ülner, Metis, 1995.
  • _______Kültür ve Emperyalizm. Çev. Necmiye Alpay, İstanbul, Hil Yayın, 1998.
  • ______ The World, the Text, and the Critic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, 1983.
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahmet Kayıntu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Nisan 2011
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kayıntu, A. (2011). LAWRENCE DURRELL’IN ESERLERİNDE TÜRK İMGESİ. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 1(1), 193-213.
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