SİLAHLI KUVVETLERDEKİ ROL YÖNELİMSEL DEĞİŞİKLİKLER: MOSKOS'UN KURUM-MESLEK MODELİNE YÖNELİK BİR DEĞERLENDİRME
Öz
20’inci yüzyıl dünya silahlı kuvvetlerinde hızlı bir
şekilde zorunlu askerlik uygulamasından gönüllü askerlik uygulamasına geçişin yaşandığı
bir döneme şahitlik etmiştir. Bu yöndeki eğilim günümüzde halen devam
etmektedir. Zorunlu askerlik uygulamasından gönüllü askerlik uygulamasına geçiş
aynı zamanda kurum olarak askerlik anlayışının meslek olarak askerlik
anlayışına doğru evrilmesine de sebep olmuştur. Bu kapsamda, Charles C.
Moskos’un silahlı kuvvetlerin bir kurum modelinden yavaş yavaş ama sürekli bir
şekilde bir meslek modeline geçiş halinde olduğunu iddia ettiği “Kurum-Meslek
Modeli” dünya silahlı kuvvetlerinde meydana gelmekte olan hızlı değişimlere
ışık tutabilecek niteliktedir. Bu çalışmada, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’nde de son
dönemde meydana gelmekte olan rol yönelimsel değişimlere ışık tutabilecek olan
Kurum-Meslek modeli ele alınmış, mevcut uygulamaları ve modele yönelik
eleştiriler incelenmiş ve model hakkında genel bir değerlendirmede
bulunulmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Alpass, Fiona, Nigel Long, Carol Macdonald ve Kerry Chamberlain. (1999). The Moskos Institution-Occupation Model: Effects on Individual Work Related Perceptions and Experiences in the Military. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 27:67-80.
- Bachman, Jerald G., John D. Blair ve David R. Segal. (1977). The All-Volunteer Force. Ann Arbor: A Study of Ideology in the Military. University of Michigan Press. Bell, John M. (1986). Professional Military Education: Tasks, Topics, Needs. Armed Forces & Society. 12:419-430.
- Caforio, Giuseppe. (1988). The Military Profession: Theories of Change. Armed Forces & Society. 15:55-69.
- Cotton, Charles A. (1981). Institutional and Occupational Values in Canada’s Army. Armed Forces & Society. 8:99-110.
- Durkheim, Emile. (1949). The Division of Labor in Society, Trans. By G. Simpson. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Feld, M. D. (1975). Military Professionalism and the Mass Army. Armed Forces & Society. 1:191-214.
- Goffman, Erving. (1961). On the Characteristics of Total Institutions. In Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry (pp. 43-84).
- Gouldner, A. W. (1957). Cosmopolitans and Locals: Toward an Analysis of Latent Social Roles. Administrative Science Quarterly. 62:281-306.
- Huntington, Samuel P. (1957). The Soldier and the State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
- Janowitz, Morris. (1960). The Professional Soldier. New York: Free Press.
- Janowitz, M. (1977). From Institutional to Occupational: The Need for Conceptual Continuity. Armed Forces & Society. 4:51-54.
- Janowitz, Morris ve Charles C. Moskos. (1974). Racial Composition in the All-Volunteer Force. Armed Forces & Society. 1:109-123.
- Kasurak, Peter. (2011). Concepts of Professionalism in the Canadian Army, 1946-2000: Regimentalism, Reaction, and Reform. Armed Forces & Society. 37:95-118.
- Merton, Robert K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure. Chicago: Free Press of Glencoe.
- Moskos, Charles. (1976). Armed Forces in American Society: From Institution to Occupation. Proceedings, Fifth Symposium on Psychology in the Air Force, U.S. Air Force Academy. 1-5.
- Moskos, Charles C. (1977). From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organization. Armed Forces & Society. 4(1):41-50.
- Moskos, Charles C. (1981). Making the All-Volunteer Force Work: A National Service Approach. Foreign Affairs. 17-34.
- Moskos, Charles C. (1986). Institutional/Occupational Trends in Armed Forces: An Update. Armed Forces & Society. 12:377-382.
- Moskos, Charles C. and Frank R. Wood. (1988). The Military: More than Just a Job? Potomac Books Inc.
- Segal, David R. (1975). Civil-Military Relations in the Mass Public. Armed Forces & Society. 1:215-229.
- Segal, David R. (1977). Worker Participation and the Future Management of the Armed Forces. In Military Unions, edited by William J. Taylor, Jr., Roger J. Arango, and Robert S. Lockwood. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
- Segal, David. (1986). Measuring the Institutional/Occupational Change Thesis. Armed Forces & Society. 12:351-376.
- Segal, David R. ve Mady W. Segal. (1970). Models of Civil-Military Relations at the Elite Level. Working Papers of the Center for Research on Social Organization, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan.
- Segal, David R., Mary Scheuer Senter ve Mady Wechsler Segal. (1978). The Civil-Military Interface in a Metropolitan Community. Armed Forces & Society. 4:423-448.
- Segal, David R., Barbara Ann Lynch ve John D. Blair. (1979). The Changing American Soldier: Work-Related Attitudes of U.S. Army Personnel in World War II and the 1970s. American Journal of Sociology. 85(1):95-108.
- Segal, David R. ve Mady W. Segal. (1983). Change in Military Organizations. Annual Review of Sociology. 9:151-170.
- Stahl, Michael J., T. Roger Manley ve Charles W. McNichols. (1978). Operationalizing the Moskos Institution-Occupation Model: An Application of Gouldner’s Cosmopolitan-Local Research. Journal of Applied Psychology. 63: 422-427.
- Stahl, Michael J., Charles W. McNichols ve T. Roger Manley. (1980). An Empirical Examination of the Moskos Institution-Occupation Model. Armed Forces & Society. 6:257-269.
- Stahl, Michael J., Charles W. McNichols ve T. Roger Manley. (1981). A Longitudinal Test of The Moskos Institution-Occupation Model: A Three-Year Increase in Occupational Scores. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 9:43-47.
- Toennies, Ferdinand. (1957). Community and Society. Trans. By C. P. Loomis. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Changes In The Role Orientations of The Armed Forces: An Evaluation On The Moskos’ Institution-Occupation Model
Öz
The 20th century witnessed an era in which a quick transition occurred from
the application of draft to the application of the all-volunteer force in the
armed forces throughout the world. This trend still continues today. The
transition in armies from draft to the all-volunteer force also has caused the
institutional military understanding to evolve into an occupational military
understanding. In this regard, the “Institutional-Occupational Model,” in which
Charles C. Moskos claims that the armed forces has been in a gradual transition
from an institutional model to an occupational model, is such as to shed light
on the rapid changes occurring in the armed forces. In this respect, this study
addresses the Institutional-Occupational Model, which might also shed light on
the recent changes in the role orientations of the Armed Forces of many
countries, examines the model’s current applications and criticisms towards it,
and provides an overall evaluation of the model.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Armed forces Institutional-Occupational model Moskos the draft the all-volunteer force
Kaynakça
- Alpass, Fiona, Nigel Long, Carol Macdonald ve Kerry Chamberlain. (1999). The Moskos Institution-Occupation Model: Effects on Individual Work Related Perceptions and Experiences in the Military. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 27:67-80.
- Bachman, Jerald G., John D. Blair ve David R. Segal. (1977). The All-Volunteer Force. Ann Arbor: A Study of Ideology in the Military. University of Michigan Press. Bell, John M. (1986). Professional Military Education: Tasks, Topics, Needs. Armed Forces & Society. 12:419-430.
- Caforio, Giuseppe. (1988). The Military Profession: Theories of Change. Armed Forces & Society. 15:55-69.
- Cotton, Charles A. (1981). Institutional and Occupational Values in Canada’s Army. Armed Forces & Society. 8:99-110.
- Durkheim, Emile. (1949). The Division of Labor in Society, Trans. By G. Simpson. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
- Feld, M. D. (1975). Military Professionalism and the Mass Army. Armed Forces & Society. 1:191-214.
- Goffman, Erving. (1961). On the Characteristics of Total Institutions. In Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry (pp. 43-84).
- Gouldner, A. W. (1957). Cosmopolitans and Locals: Toward an Analysis of Latent Social Roles. Administrative Science Quarterly. 62:281-306.
- Huntington, Samuel P. (1957). The Soldier and the State. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
- Janowitz, Morris. (1960). The Professional Soldier. New York: Free Press.
- Janowitz, M. (1977). From Institutional to Occupational: The Need for Conceptual Continuity. Armed Forces & Society. 4:51-54.
- Janowitz, Morris ve Charles C. Moskos. (1974). Racial Composition in the All-Volunteer Force. Armed Forces & Society. 1:109-123.
- Kasurak, Peter. (2011). Concepts of Professionalism in the Canadian Army, 1946-2000: Regimentalism, Reaction, and Reform. Armed Forces & Society. 37:95-118.
- Merton, Robert K. (1957). Social Theory and Social Structure. Chicago: Free Press of Glencoe.
- Moskos, Charles. (1976). Armed Forces in American Society: From Institution to Occupation. Proceedings, Fifth Symposium on Psychology in the Air Force, U.S. Air Force Academy. 1-5.
- Moskos, Charles C. (1977). From Institution to Occupation: Trends in Military Organization. Armed Forces & Society. 4(1):41-50.
- Moskos, Charles C. (1981). Making the All-Volunteer Force Work: A National Service Approach. Foreign Affairs. 17-34.
- Moskos, Charles C. (1986). Institutional/Occupational Trends in Armed Forces: An Update. Armed Forces & Society. 12:377-382.
- Moskos, Charles C. and Frank R. Wood. (1988). The Military: More than Just a Job? Potomac Books Inc.
- Segal, David R. (1975). Civil-Military Relations in the Mass Public. Armed Forces & Society. 1:215-229.
- Segal, David R. (1977). Worker Participation and the Future Management of the Armed Forces. In Military Unions, edited by William J. Taylor, Jr., Roger J. Arango, and Robert S. Lockwood. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
- Segal, David. (1986). Measuring the Institutional/Occupational Change Thesis. Armed Forces & Society. 12:351-376.
- Segal, David R. ve Mady W. Segal. (1970). Models of Civil-Military Relations at the Elite Level. Working Papers of the Center for Research on Social Organization, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan.
- Segal, David R., Mary Scheuer Senter ve Mady Wechsler Segal. (1978). The Civil-Military Interface in a Metropolitan Community. Armed Forces & Society. 4:423-448.
- Segal, David R., Barbara Ann Lynch ve John D. Blair. (1979). The Changing American Soldier: Work-Related Attitudes of U.S. Army Personnel in World War II and the 1970s. American Journal of Sociology. 85(1):95-108.
- Segal, David R. ve Mady W. Segal. (1983). Change in Military Organizations. Annual Review of Sociology. 9:151-170.
- Stahl, Michael J., T. Roger Manley ve Charles W. McNichols. (1978). Operationalizing the Moskos Institution-Occupation Model: An Application of Gouldner’s Cosmopolitan-Local Research. Journal of Applied Psychology. 63: 422-427.
- Stahl, Michael J., Charles W. McNichols ve T. Roger Manley. (1980). An Empirical Examination of the Moskos Institution-Occupation Model. Armed Forces & Society. 6:257-269.
- Stahl, Michael J., Charles W. McNichols ve T. Roger Manley. (1981). A Longitudinal Test of The Moskos Institution-Occupation Model: A Three-Year Increase in Occupational Scores. Journal of Political and Military Sociology. 9:43-47.
- Toennies, Ferdinand. (1957). Community and Society. Trans. By C. P. Loomis. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sosyoloji |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 23 Nisan 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018Cilt: 8 Sayı: 15 |
