Araştırma Makalesi
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EXAMINATION OF DEFENSE DEVICES, PSYCHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS, AND MMPI CLINICAL SUB-DIMENSIONS OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS LIVING IN TRAUMATIC GRİEF IN TERMS OF VARIOUS VARIABLES

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 24, 505 - 525, 30.10.2022

Mahsum Avcı

https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1123860

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the traumatic grief severity, defense mechanisms, psychological symptoms, MMPI clinical sub-dimensions of university students experiencing traumatic grief in terms of various variables. Gender, place of residence, perceived economic level, whether the parents are alive or not, who the deceased is, the cause of death of the deceased, the thought of ending life after the loss, the marital status of the deceased, and whether or not to seek professional help after the loss were included in the study. The research group consists of 15 university students with traumatic grief. Criter sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used as the data collection method. Descriptive analyzes were used in the analysis of the data. In the given analysis, descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis technique was used to examine the relationship between variables. According to the results of the study, it was determined that the MMPI subscale, Hs dimension and D dimension scores of the girls were higher than the boys. It is seen that those who live in big cities have higher additional scale scores than those who live in villages, while those who perceive their income as upper and middle-lower have higher Neurotic Defense dimension scores than those who perceive their income as medium. Those whose mothers are not alive; A significant difference was found in the scores of the Traumatic Grief Scale. On the other hand, when the father’s condition of being alive or not is compared; There was a significant difference in the signs of interpersonal sensitivity, paranoid thoughts and general symptom index, those with healthy fathers used Immature Defense and Mature Defense more than those whose fathers were alive, and those whose fathers were alive or not; It was determined that there was a significant difference in the MA dimension values of the MMPI. Those who lost their sibling had higher Immature Defense dimension scores than those who lost their father and mother, and those whose relatives died due to illness had higher Mf dimension values than those whose relatives died due to traffic accident and suicide. Those who thought of ending their life after the loss had higher scores on the MF subscale and PA dimension of the Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Inventory, and those who received professional help after the loss had higher anxiety scores than those who did not. On the other hand, the disappeared person is married and single; It was determined that there was a significant difference in the SI dimension values of MMPI.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Traumatic Grief Psychological Symptoms MMPI Clinical Subdimensions

Kaynakça

  • Aker, T., Sorgun, E., Mestçioglu, Ö. ve ark. (2008) İstanbul'daki bombalama eylemlerinin erişkin ve ergenlerdeki travmatik stres etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23, 63-71.
  • Avcı, M. (2019). Yas Sürecindeki Bireylerin Dissosiyatif Yaşantıları ve Psikolojik Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi, The Journal of Social Science Dergisi, 3(6): 565 - 582.
  • Avcı, M.(2021) ''Mükerrer İntihar Girişimleri Olan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Çocukluk Anıları Ve Yansımaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme'', 14. Uluslararası Güncel Araştırmalarla Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Antalya, 10-11
  • Avcı, M. ve Yıldırım, T. (2021)''Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlarının Cinsel İstismar Vakalarının Bildirimine İlişkin Deneyimleri: Tematik Bir Analiz'', 22. Uluslararası Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, Muş, 271-272,
  • Avcı, M. ve Yıldırım, T. (2021). Travmatik Yas ve Yaslılara Dair: Bütüncül Değerlendirme (1.Baskı) Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, Beşinci Baskı (DSM-5), Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (Çev.: E Köroğlu) Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, 2013.
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  • Balk, D. E. , & Vesta, L. C. (1998). Psychological development during four years of bereavement: A longitudinal case study. Death Studies, 22(1), 23–41. doi: 10.1080/074811898201713
  • Baş, S., Yüksel, Ö., Ülbe, S., & Güngör, D. (2020). Turkish Version of the Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report (TGI-SR): Validity and reliability. Death Studies, 1-9.
  • Başoğlu, M., Kılıç, C., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey: Two Epidemiological Studies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 133-141.
  • Başoğlu, M., Mineka, S., Parker, M., Aker, T., Livanou, M., ve Gok, S. (1997). Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1421-1433.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162
  • Boelen, P. A., & van den Bout, J. (2003). Gender differences in traumatic grief symptom severity after the loss of a spouse. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 46(3), 183-198.
  • Boelen, P. A. (2013). Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and adult separation anxiety: distinctiveness and correlates. Psychiatry research, 207(1-2), 68-72.
  • Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., Djelantik, A. M. J., & Smid, G. E. (2016). Prolonged grief and depression after unnatural loss: Latent class analyses and cognitive correlates. Psychiatry Research, 240, 358-363.
  • Boogar, I. R., ve Talepasand, S. (2015). The role of defense mechanisms, personality and demographical factors on complicated grief following death of a loved one by cancer. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 10(2), 79.
  • Bravo, I. M. (1998). Assessment of anxiety sensitivity in depressed, older patients and its relation to hypochondriacal concerns (Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University).
  • Brent, D., Melhem, N., Donohoe, M. B., & Walker, M. (2009). The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(7), 786-794.
  • Cesur, G. (2012). Yetişkinlerde travmatik yasın ve travma sonrası büyümenin psikososyal belirleyicileri. Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara
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TRAVMATİK YAS YAŞAYAN ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SAVUNMA DÜZENEKLERİ, PSİKOLOJİK BELİRTİLERİ VE MMPI KLİNİK ALT BOYUTLARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 24, 505 - 525, 30.10.2022

Mahsum Avcı

https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1123860

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı travmatik yas yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerinin travmatik yas şiddeti, savunma düzenekleri, psikolojik belirtileri, MMPI klinik alt boyutlarının çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Cinsiyet, yaşanılan yer, algılanan ekonomik düzey, anne-babanın sağ olup olmama, kaybedilenin kim olduğu, kaybedilenin ölüm nedeni, kayıptan sonra hayatı sonlandırma düşüncesi, kaybedilenin medeni durumu ve kayıptan sonra profesyonel yardım alıp almama değişkenler olarak çalışmaya dâhil edildi. Araştırma grubu travmatik yası olan 15 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama yöntemi olarak, amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden kriter örneklem yöntemi kullanıldı. Verilerin analizinde ise betimsel analizler kullanılmıştır. Verilen analizinde betimsel istatistik, değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için Spearman korelasyon analizi tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, kızların erkeklere göre MMPI’ın ML alt skalası, Hs boyutu ve D boyutu puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Büyük kentte yaşayanların köyde yaşayanlara göre ek skala puanlarının daha yüksek olurken, gelirini üst ve orta-alt olarak algılayanların gelirini orta olarak algılayanlara göre Nevrotik Savunma boyutu puanları daha yüksek olduğu görülmektedir. Annesi sağ olmayanların, Travmatik Yas Ölçeği puanlarında anlamlı bir farklılık tespit edilmiştir. Diğer yandan babanın sağ olup olmama durumları karşılaştırıldığında; Kişilerarası duyarlılık, paranoid düşünceler ve genel semptom indeksi belirtilerinde anlamlı bir farklılık olduğu, babası sağ olanların olmayanlara göre Immature Savunmayı ve Mature Savunmayı daha fazla kullandıkları, babası sağ olan ve olmayanların; MMPI’ın MA boyutu değerlerinde anlamlı bir fark olduğu saptanmıştır. Kardeşini kaybedenlerin babasını ve annesine kaybedenlere göre Immature Savunma boyutu puanları daha yüksek, yakını hastalıktan ölenlerin yakını trafik kazasından ve intihar nedeniyle ölenlere göre Mf boyutu değerleri daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Kayıptan sonra hayatını sonlandırmayı düşünenlerin düşünmeyenlere göre Minnesota Çok Yönlü Kişilik Envanterinin alt boyutu olan MF alt skalası ve PA boyutu puanları ve kayıptan sonra profesyonel yardım alanların almayanlara göre anksiyete puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Diğer yandan kaybedilen kişi evli olan ve bekâr olanların; MMPI’ın Sİ boyutu değerlerinde anlamlı bir fark olduğu saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Travmatik Yas, Psikolojik Belirtiler, MMPI Klinik Alt Boyutları

Kaynakça

  • Aker, T., Sorgun, E., Mestçioglu, Ö. ve ark. (2008) İstanbul'daki bombalama eylemlerinin erişkin ve ergenlerdeki travmatik stres etkileri. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 23, 63-71.
  • Avcı, M. (2019). Yas Sürecindeki Bireylerin Dissosiyatif Yaşantıları ve Psikolojik Belirtilerinin İncelenmesi, The Journal of Social Science Dergisi, 3(6): 565 - 582.
  • Avcı, M.(2021) ''Mükerrer İntihar Girişimleri Olan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Çocukluk Anıları Ve Yansımaları Üzerine Bir İnceleme'', 14. Uluslararası Güncel Araştırmalarla Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Antalya, 10-11
  • Avcı, M. ve Yıldırım, T. (2021)''Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlarının Cinsel İstismar Vakalarının Bildirimine İlişkin Deneyimleri: Tematik Bir Analiz'', 22. Uluslararası Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, Muş, 271-272,
  • Avcı, M. ve Yıldırım, T. (2021). Travmatik Yas ve Yaslılara Dair: Bütüncül Değerlendirme (1.Baskı) Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal El Kitabı, Beşinci Baskı (DSM-5), Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (Çev.: E Köroğlu) Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara, 2013.
  • Balk, D. (1997). Defying gender norms in rural Bangladesh: A social demographic analysis. Population studies, 51(2), 153-172.
  • Balk, D. E. , & Vesta, L. C. (1998). Psychological development during four years of bereavement: A longitudinal case study. Death Studies, 22(1), 23–41. doi: 10.1080/074811898201713
  • Baş, S., Yüksel, Ö., Ülbe, S., & Güngör, D. (2020). Turkish Version of the Traumatic Grief Inventory-Self Report (TGI-SR): Validity and reliability. Death Studies, 1-9.
  • Başoğlu, M., Kılıç, C., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Major Depression in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey: Two Epidemiological Studies. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 133-141.
  • Başoğlu, M., Mineka, S., Parker, M., Aker, T., Livanou, M., ve Gok, S. (1997). Psychological preparedness for trauma as a protective factor in survivors of torture. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1421-1433.
  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162
  • Boelen, P. A., & van den Bout, J. (2003). Gender differences in traumatic grief symptom severity after the loss of a spouse. Omega-Journal of Death and Dying, 46(3), 183-198.
  • Boelen, P. A. (2013). Symptoms of prolonged grief, depression, and adult separation anxiety: distinctiveness and correlates. Psychiatry research, 207(1-2), 68-72.
  • Boelen, P. A., Reijntjes, A., Djelantik, A. M. J., & Smid, G. E. (2016). Prolonged grief and depression after unnatural loss: Latent class analyses and cognitive correlates. Psychiatry Research, 240, 358-363.
  • Boogar, I. R., ve Talepasand, S. (2015). The role of defense mechanisms, personality and demographical factors on complicated grief following death of a loved one by cancer. Iranian journal of psychiatry, 10(2), 79.
  • Bravo, I. M. (1998). Assessment of anxiety sensitivity in depressed, older patients and its relation to hypochondriacal concerns (Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University).
  • Brent, D., Melhem, N., Donohoe, M. B., & Walker, M. (2009). The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(7), 786-794.
  • Cesur, G. (2012). Yetişkinlerde travmatik yasın ve travma sonrası büyümenin psikososyal belirleyicileri. Yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara
  • Cleiren, M., Diekstra, R., Kerkhof, A. ve van der Wal, J. (1994). Mode of death and kinship in bereavement: Focusing on ``who’’ rather than ``how.’’Crisis, 15, 22-36.
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  • Fletcher J, Mailick M, Song J, Wolfe B. A sibling death in the family: Common and consequential. Demogr. 2012 Epub ahead of print, no pagination specified.
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  • Freud, S. (1926). Mourning and melancholia. The Psychoanalytic Review (1913-1957), 11, 77.
  • Fujisawa, D., Miyashita, M., Nakajima, S. ve ark. (2010). Prevalence and determinants of complicated grief in general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127 (13), 352–358.
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  • Gregory, R. J. ( 1994) Grief and loss among Eskimos attempting suicide in western Alaska. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1815–1816.
  • Hardison, H. G., Neimeyer, R. A., & Lichstein, K. L. (2005). Insomnia and complicated grief symptoms in bereaved college students. Behavioral sleep medicine, 3(2), 99-111.
  • He, L., Tang, S., Yu, W., Xu, W., Xie, Q. ve Wang, J. (2014). The prevalence, comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults. Psychiatr Res. 219(2).
  • Holland, J. M. ve Neimeyer, R. A. (2011). Separation and traumatic distress in prolonged grief: The role of cause of death and relationship to the deceased. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 254-263.
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Toward a new psychology of trauma. New York: Free Press.
  • Kaltman, S. ve Bonanno, G. A. (2003). Trauma and bereavement: Examining the impact of sudden and violent deaths. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17(2), 131–147
  • Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel araştirma yöntemi: Kavramlar, ilkeler, teknikler. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Kersting, A. Kroker, K., Horstmann, J., Ohrmann, P., Baune, B.T., Arolt, V., Suslow, T. (2009). Complicated grief in patients with unipolar depression. J Affect Disord, 118, (1–3), 201–204
  • Leszczynski, J. P. (2009). A state conceptualization: Are individuals’ masculine and feminine personality traits situationally influenced?. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(3), 157-162.
  • Levav, I., Friedlander, Y., Kark, J.D., M.D., Peritz, E. (1988). An Epidemiologic Study of Mortality among Bereaved Parents. N Engl J Med, 319, 457-461.
  • Mallon, B. (2008). Dying, death and grief: Working with adult bereavement. Sage.
  • Meuser, T. M., ve Marwit, S. J. (2000). An integrative model of personality, coping and appraisal for the prediction of grief involvement in adults. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 40(2), 375-393.
  • Melhem NM, Day N, Shear MK, Day R, Reynolds CF, III, Brent D. (2004) Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer’s suicide. Am. J. Psychiatry.161:1411–1416.
  • Merikangas, K. R. (2007). Ölüm, Ölmek ve Yas. Comprehensive Textbook Of Psychiatry 8 edition: Benjamin Sadock (Türkçe Çev: Hamdullah Aydın) Güneş Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Miniño, A. M., Arias, E., Kochanek, K. D., Murphy, S. L. ve Smith, B. L. (2002). Deaths: Final data for 2000. National Vital Statistics Reports, 50(15), 1–120
  • Morina, N., Rudari, V., Bleichhardt, G. ve Prigerson, H. G. (2010). Prolonged grief disorder, depression, and posttraumatic stres disorder among bereaved kosovar civilian war survivors: a preliminary investigation. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 288-297.
  • Neria, Y. ve Litz, B. T. (2004). Bereavement by traumatic means: The complex synergy of trauma and grief. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9(1), 73-87
  • Nickerson, A., Liddell, B. J., Maccallum, F., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Bryant, R. A. (2014). Posttraumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief in refugees exposed to trauma and loss. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-11.
  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S.L. (1999). Coping with loss. Mahwah, NJ: Mahwah
  • Ormel, J., Oldehinkel, A.J. ve Brilman, E.I. (2001). The interplay and etiological continuity of neuroticism, difficulties, and life events in the etiology of major and subsyndromal, first and recurrent depressive episodes in later life. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 885–891.
  • Parkes, G. (Ed.). (1987). Heidegger and Asian thought. University of Hawaii Press.
  • Pearlman, L. A., Wortman, C. B., Feuer, C. A., Farber, C. H. ve Rando, T. A. (2014). Treating traumatic bereavement: A practitioner's guide. Guilford Publications.
  • Prigerson, H. G., Frank, E., Kasl, S. V., Reynolds, C. F., Anderson, B., Zubenko, G. S., et al. (1995). Complicated grief and bereavement-related Indeed there is no sharp dichotomy between complicated and uncomplicated grief, it is largely a matter of degree depression as distinct disorders: Preliminary empirical validation in elderly bereaved spouses. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 22–30.
  • Prigerson, H. G., Bridge, J., Maciejewski, P. K., Beery, L. C., Rosenheck, R. A., Jacobs, S. C., ... & Brent, D. A. (1999). Influence of traumatic grief on suicidal ideation among young adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(12), 1994-1995.
  • Prigerson H.G. vd., (2009). Prolonged grief disorder: psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11. 6(8)
  • Prigerson, H.G. ve Slimack, M. ( 1999) Gender differences in risk factors for suicidality. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999; 187:23–31Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
  • Prigerson H.G., Jacobs S.C. (2001). Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder: a rationale, consensus criteria, and a preliminary empirical test, in Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care. Edited by Stroebe MS, Hansson RO, Stroebe W, Schut HAW. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association, pp 613–647
  • Prigerson, H.G., Ahmed, I., Silverman, G.K., (2002). Rates And Risks Of Complicated Grief among Psychiatric Clinic Patients In Karachi, Pakistan, Death Studies, 26, 7817-792.
  • Prigerson, H. G., Vanderwerker, L. C. ve Maciejewski, P. K. (2008). Prolonged Grief Disorder: A case for Inclusion in DSM–V. In M. S. Stroebe, R.O. Hansson, H Schut, W., Handbook of Bereavement Research and Practice: 21st Century Perspectives, s.165–86. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press
  • Patton, M. Q. (2014). Nitel araştırma ve değerlendirme Yöntemleri (M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir, çev.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., Borkovec, T. D. ve Litz, B. T. (1998). Emotional response at the time of a potentially traumatizing event and PTSD symptomatology. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 29, 123–130.
  • Rosengard, C. ve Folkman, S. (1997). Suicidal ideation, bereavement, HIV serostatus and psychosocial variables in partners of men with AIDS. AIDS Care, 9:373–384.
  • Rubin, S. S., Malkinson, R. ve Witztum, E. (2003). Trauma and bereavement: conceptual and clinical issues revolving around relationships. Death Studies, 27, 667–690.
  • Saldinger, A., Cain, A., Kalter, N., & Lohnes, K. (1999). Anticipating parental death in families with young children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(1), 39–48.
  • Savaşır, I. (1981). Minnesota Çok Yönlü Kişilik Envanteri El Kitabı. Ankara: Sevinç Matbaası Silverman, P. R. (1987). The impact of parental death on college-age women. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10(3), 387-404.
  • Shear, K., Monk, T., Houck, P., Melhem, N., Frank, E., Reynolds, C., & Sillowash, R. (2007). An attachment-based model of complicated grief including the role of avoidance. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 257(8), 453-461.
  • Spence, J. T. (1993). Gender-related traits and gender ideology: evidence for a multifactorial theory. Journal of personality and social psychology, 64(4), 624.
  • Stelzer, E. M., Atkinson, C., O’Connor, M. F., & Croft, A. (2019). Gender differences in grief narrative construction: a myth or reality?. European journal of psychotraumatology, 10(1),
  • Stroebe, W., & Stroebe, M. S. (1987). Bereavement and health: The psychological and physical consequences of partner loss.
  • Stroebe, M., Stroebe, W. ve Abakoumkin, G. (2005). The broken heart: Suicidal ideation in bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(11), 2178-2180.
  • Tang, Y. ve Li, Y. (2019). Parental Death, Grief and Bereavement: A Qualitative Study of College Students Who Have a Parent with Cancer. Asian Social Science, 15(8).
  • Tedeschi, R. G., ve Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1–18.
  • Valdimarsdottir, U., Helgason, Á. R., Fürst, C. J., Adolfsson, J. ve Steineck, G. (2004). Awareness of husband’s impending death from cancer and long-term anxiety in widowhood: A nationwide follow-up. Palliative Medicine, 18, 432–443.
  • Volkan, V. ve Zintl, E. (2010). Gidenin Ardından. (I. Vahip ve M. Kocadere, Çev.). İstanbul: Oa yayınları.
  • Yılmaz, N., Gençöz, T., & AK, M. (2007). Savunma biçimleri testi'nin psikometrik özellikleri: güvenilirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 18(3), 244-253.
  • Zhang ., El-Jawahri A. and Prigerson HG. (2006) Update on bereavement research: evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of complicated bereavement. J Palliat Med, 9(5):1188-203
  • Walker, A. C., Hathcoat, J. D., & Noppe, I. C. (2012). College student bereavement experience in a Christian university. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 64(3), 241-259.
  • Watson DC. Predicting psychiatric symptomatology with the Defense Style Questionnaire 40. International Journal of Stress Management 2002; 9: 275–287.
  • Widiger, T.A., Trull, T.J. (1992) Personality and psychopathology: an application of the five-factor model. Journal of Personality 60, 363–393.
Toplam 80 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mahsum Avcı 0000-0002-9264-8079

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Avcı, M. (2022). TRAVMATİK YAS YAŞAYAN ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN SAVUNMA DÜZENEKLERİ, PSİKOLOJİK BELİRTİLERİ VE MMPI KLİNİK ALT BOYUTLARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLER AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(24), 505-525. https://doi.org/10.29029/busbed.1123860
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