Derleme
Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 27, 142 - 157, 30.04.2024
Öz
In this study, it was examined the deaths due to suicide in Turkey between 2002 and 2022 in terms of sociodemographic variables such as age group, education level and marital status. In addition, the causes and methods of suicide were also included in the study. The data used within the scope of the study were obtained from the database on the official website of the Turkish Statistical Institute, which is allowed to be used for research purposes. Within the scope of the study, between 2002 and 2022, the number of suicide-related deaths in Turkey increased over the years. Except for deaths under the age of 15, it was found that suicide-related mortality rates of men were higher than women in all age groups. When examined in terms of educational status, it was seen that the number of deaths by suicide was the highest in the group whose education level was primary school until 2019. Still, the situation has changed since 2019, and individuals whose education level has been at high school and equivalent level for the last four years are at risk. In addition, it was determined that the number of deaths decreased with age, but there was an increase again in the 75 and over age group. When examined in terms of marital status, it was determined that married individuals were the most risky group in all years between 2002 and 2022. However, illness, parental discord and economic difficulties are the most common causes of suicide. Suicide rates are a macro indicator of the psychosocial well-being of the population and an evaluation criterion of the effectiveness of suicide prevention strategies. The findings of this study indicate that suicide is an important factor among the causes of death, especially among young people. It is thought that this study, which examines the changing patterns in the social determinants of suicide, will contribute to suicide prevention policies.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Suicide Causes of suicide Methods of suicide Psychosocial factors
Kaynakça
- AbouZahr, C., de Savigny, D., Mikkelsen, L., Setel, P. W., Lozano, R., & Lopez, A. D. (2015). Towards universal civil registration and vital statistics systems: the time is now. Lancet (London, England), 386(10001), 1407–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60170-2
- Andoh-Arthur, J., Knizek, B. L., Osafo, J., & Hjelmeland, H. (2018). Suicide among men in Ghana: The burden of masculinity. Death studies, 42(10), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1426655
- Avsarogullari, L., Senol, V., Akdur, O., Akin, A., Durukan, P., & Ozkan, S. (2012). Characteristics of acute adult poisonings in a university hospital emergency department in central Turkey: a three-year analysis. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 62(2), 129–133.
- Azin SA, Shahidzadeh -Mahani A, Omidvari S, Ebadi M, Montazeri A. (2008). Self poisoning with suicidal intent-Part 1. Payesh Health Monitor, 7(2), 97–106.
- Azizpour, Y., Asadollahi, K., Sayehmiri, K., Kaikhavani, S., & Abangah, G. (2016). Epidemiological survey of intentional poisoning suicide during 1993-2013 in Ilam Province, Iran. BMC Public Health 16, 902. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3585-9
- Bakhsha, F., Behnampour, N., & Charkazi, A. (2011). The prevalency of attempted suicide in Golestan province, North of Iran during 2003-07. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 13(2), 79-85.
- Bálint, L., Osváth, P., Rihmer, Z., & Döme, P. (2016). Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of affective disorders, 190, 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.011
- Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and Youth: Risk Factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, Article 540.
- Borges, G., Nock, M. K., Haro Abad, J. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., Beautrais, A., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kovess- Masfety, V., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 71(12), 1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04967blu
- Cano-Montalbán, I., & Quevedo-Blasco, R. (2018). Sociodemographic variables most associated with suicidal behaviour and suicide methods in Europe and America. A systematic review. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 10(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2018a2
- Choi, M., Sempungu, J. K., Lee, E. H., Chang, S. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2022). Single and combined effects of marital status, education attainment, and employment status on suicide among working-age population: A case-control study in South Korea. SSM - Population Health, 19, 101246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101246
- Conejero, I., Lopez-Castroman, J., Giner, L., & Baca-Garcia, E. (2016). Sociodemographic Antecedent Validators of Suicidal Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(10), 94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0732-z
- Conwell, Y., Van Orden, K., & Caine, E. D. (2011). Suicide in older adults. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(2), 451–ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002
- Courtet, P., Picot, M. C., Bellivier, F., Torres, S., Jollant, F., Michelon, C., Castelnau, D., Astruc, B., Buresi, C., & Malafosse, A. (2004). Serotonin transporter gene may be involved in short-term risk of subsequent suicide attempts. Biological Psychiatry, 55(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.07.004
- Crosby AE, Ortega L, Melanson C. (2011). Self-directed Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
- De Leo D. (2015). Can we rely on suicide mortality data?. Crisis, 36(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000315
- Durkheim E .(1966). Suicide: A study in sociology. Free Press.
- Ehlman, D. C., Yard, E., Stone, D. M., Jones, C. M., & Mack, K. A. (2022). Changes in Suicide Rates - United States, 2019 and 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(8), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7108a5
- Ellis, T. E., & Patel, A. B. (2012). Client Suicide: What Now? Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.12.004
- Ghaleiha, A., Afzali, S., Bazyar, M., Khorsand, F., & Torabian, S. (2012). Characteristics of hospitalized patients following suicide attempt in hamadan district, Iran. Oman Medical Journal, 27(4), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2012.75
- Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Saxton, K. B., & Catalano, R. C. (2010). Economic contraction and mental health: A review of the evidence, 1990-2009. International Journal of Mental Health, 39(2), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMH0020-7411390201
- Güleç, G. (2016). Psikiyatrik bozukluklar ve intihar. Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri, 9(3), 21-25.
- Kim, M. H., Jung-Choi, K., Jun, H. J., & Kawachi, I. (2010). Socioeconomic inequalities in suicidal ideation, parasuicides, and completed suicides in South Korea. Social Science & Medicine, 70(8), 1254–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.004
- Kimura, T., Iso, H., Honjo, K., Ikehara, S., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., & Tsugane, S. (2016). Educational Levels and Risk of Suicide in Japan: The Japan Public Health Center Study (JPHC) Cohort I. Journal of Epidemiology, 26(6), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20140253
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- Lapierre, S., Erlangsen, A., Waern, M., De Leo, D., Oyama, H., Scocco, P., Gallo, J., Szanto, K., Conwell, Y., Draper, B., Quinnett, P., & International Research Group for Suicide among the Elderly. (2011). A systematic review of elderly suicide prevention programs. Crisis, 32(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000076
- Li, Z., Page, A., Martin, G., & Taylor, R. (2011). Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: a systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 72(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.008
- Lin, J. J., & Lu, T. H. (2008). Suicide mortality trends by sex, age and method in Taiwan, 1971-2005. BMC Public Health, 8, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-6
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- Pajoumand, A., Talaie, H., Mahdavinejad, A., Birang, S., Zarei, M., Mehregan, F. F., & Mostafazadeh, B. (2012). Suicide epidemiology and characteristics among young Iranians at poison ward, Loghman-Hakim Hospital (1997-2007). Archives of Iranian Medicine, 15(4), 210–213.
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Yıl 2024,
Sayı: 27, 142 - 157, 30.04.2024
Öz
Bu çalışmada, 2002 ve 2022 yılları arasında Türkiye’de intihara bağlı olarak meydana gelen ölümler; yaş grubu, eğitim düzeyi ve medeni durum gibi sosyodemografik değişkenler açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca intihar nedenleri ve yöntemlerine de yer verilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında kullanılan veriler Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu’nun resmi internet sitesinde yer alan ve araştırma amaçlı kullanımına izin verilen veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında 2002 ve 2022 yılları arasında Türkiye’de intihara bağlı ölüm sayılarının yıllar içerisinde arttığı; 15 yaş altı ölümler hariç, tüm yaş gruplarında erkeklerin intihara bağlı ölüm oranlarının kadınlardan yüksek olduğu bulgusu tespit edilmiştir. Eğitim durumu açısından incelendiğinde, 2019 yılına kadar eğitim seviyesi ilkokul olan grubun intihar sonucu ölüm sayısının en yüksek olduğu, ancak 2019 yılından itibaren durumun değiştiği ve son dört yıldır eğitim düzeyi lise ve dengi seviyede bulunan bireylerin risk grubunda yer aldığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca, yaş ilerledikçe ölüm sayıları azalmakla birlikte, 75 yaş ve üstü grupta ölüm sayılarında bir artış olduğu belirlenmiştir. Medeni durum açısından incelendiğinde, evli bireylerin 2002-2022 yılları arasında tüm yıllarda en riskli grup olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte hastalık, aile içi uyuşmazlıklar ve maddi geçim zorluklarının en yaygın intihar nedenlerinden olduğu görülmüştür. İntihar oranları, nüfusun psikososyal refahının makro bir göstergesi ve intiharı önleme stratejilerinin etkinliğinin bir değerlendirme kriteridir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları intiharın özellikle gençler arasında, ölüm nedenleri içerisinde yer alan önemli bir unsur olduğuna işaret etmektedir. İntiharın sosyal belirleyicilerindeki değişen kalıpları inceleyen bu çalışmanın, intiharı önleme politikalarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
İntihar İntihar nedenleri İntihar yöntemleri Psikososyal faktörler
Etik Beyan
Çalışmamız herhangi bir etik kurul izni gerektiren bir çalışma değildir. Yazarlar arasında çıkar çatışması olmadığını beyan ederiz.
Teşekkür
İlgi ve çabalarınız için şimdiden teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- AbouZahr, C., de Savigny, D., Mikkelsen, L., Setel, P. W., Lozano, R., & Lopez, A. D. (2015). Towards universal civil registration and vital statistics systems: the time is now. Lancet (London, England), 386(10001), 1407–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60170-2
- Andoh-Arthur, J., Knizek, B. L., Osafo, J., & Hjelmeland, H. (2018). Suicide among men in Ghana: The burden of masculinity. Death studies, 42(10), 658–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2018.1426655
- Avsarogullari, L., Senol, V., Akdur, O., Akin, A., Durukan, P., & Ozkan, S. (2012). Characteristics of acute adult poisonings in a university hospital emergency department in central Turkey: a three-year analysis. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 62(2), 129–133.
- Azin SA, Shahidzadeh -Mahani A, Omidvari S, Ebadi M, Montazeri A. (2008). Self poisoning with suicidal intent-Part 1. Payesh Health Monitor, 7(2), 97–106.
- Azizpour, Y., Asadollahi, K., Sayehmiri, K., Kaikhavani, S., & Abangah, G. (2016). Epidemiological survey of intentional poisoning suicide during 1993-2013 in Ilam Province, Iran. BMC Public Health 16, 902. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3585-9
- Bakhsha, F., Behnampour, N., & Charkazi, A. (2011). The prevalency of attempted suicide in Golestan province, North of Iran during 2003-07. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 13(2), 79-85.
- Bálint, L., Osváth, P., Rihmer, Z., & Döme, P. (2016). Associations between marital and educational status and risk of completed suicide in Hungary. Journal of affective disorders, 190, 777–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.011
- Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and Youth: Risk Factors. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, Article 540.
- Borges, G., Nock, M. K., Haro Abad, J. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., Beautrais, A., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kovess- Masfety, V., Lee, S., Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 71(12), 1617–1628. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04967blu
- Cano-Montalbán, I., & Quevedo-Blasco, R. (2018). Sociodemographic variables most associated with suicidal behaviour and suicide methods in Europe and America. A systematic review. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 10(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2018a2
- Choi, M., Sempungu, J. K., Lee, E. H., Chang, S. S., & Lee, Y. H. (2022). Single and combined effects of marital status, education attainment, and employment status on suicide among working-age population: A case-control study in South Korea. SSM - Population Health, 19, 101246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101246
- Conejero, I., Lopez-Castroman, J., Giner, L., & Baca-Garcia, E. (2016). Sociodemographic Antecedent Validators of Suicidal Behavior: A Review of Recent Literature. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(10), 94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0732-z
- Conwell, Y., Van Orden, K., & Caine, E. D. (2011). Suicide in older adults. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 34(2), 451–ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.02.002
- Courtet, P., Picot, M. C., Bellivier, F., Torres, S., Jollant, F., Michelon, C., Castelnau, D., Astruc, B., Buresi, C., & Malafosse, A. (2004). Serotonin transporter gene may be involved in short-term risk of subsequent suicide attempts. Biological Psychiatry, 55(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.07.004
- Crosby AE, Ortega L, Melanson C. (2011). Self-directed Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
- De Leo D. (2015). Can we rely on suicide mortality data?. Crisis, 36(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000315
- Durkheim E .(1966). Suicide: A study in sociology. Free Press.
- Ehlman, D. C., Yard, E., Stone, D. M., Jones, C. M., & Mack, K. A. (2022). Changes in Suicide Rates - United States, 2019 and 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(8), 306–312. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7108a5
- Ellis, T. E., & Patel, A. B. (2012). Client Suicide: What Now? Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19(2), 277–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.12.004
- Ghaleiha, A., Afzali, S., Bazyar, M., Khorsand, F., & Torabian, S. (2012). Characteristics of hospitalized patients following suicide attempt in hamadan district, Iran. Oman Medical Journal, 27(4), 304–309. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2012.75
- Goldman-Mellor, S. J., Saxton, K. B., & Catalano, R. C. (2010). Economic contraction and mental health: A review of the evidence, 1990-2009. International Journal of Mental Health, 39(2), 6–31. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMH0020-7411390201
- Güleç, G. (2016). Psikiyatrik bozukluklar ve intihar. Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri, 9(3), 21-25.
- Kim, M. H., Jung-Choi, K., Jun, H. J., & Kawachi, I. (2010). Socioeconomic inequalities in suicidal ideation, parasuicides, and completed suicides in South Korea. Social Science & Medicine, 70(8), 1254–1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.01.004
- Kimura, T., Iso, H., Honjo, K., Ikehara, S., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., & Tsugane, S. (2016). Educational Levels and Risk of Suicide in Japan: The Japan Public Health Center Study (JPHC) Cohort I. Journal of Epidemiology, 26(6), 315–321. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20140253
- Kino, S., Jang, S. N., Gero, K., Kato, S., & Kawachi, I. (2019). Age, period, cohort trends of suicide in Japan and Korea (1986-2015): A tale of two countries. Social Science & Medicine, 235, 112385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112385
- Kõlves, K., & De Leo, D. (2014). Suicide rates in children aged 10-14 years worldwide: changes in the past two decades. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 205(4), 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.144402
- Lapierre, S., Erlangsen, A., Waern, M., De Leo, D., Oyama, H., Scocco, P., Gallo, J., Szanto, K., Conwell, Y., Draper, B., Quinnett, P., & International Research Group for Suicide among the Elderly. (2011). A systematic review of elderly suicide prevention programs. Crisis, 32(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000076
- Li, Z., Page, A., Martin, G., & Taylor, R. (2011). Attributable risk of psychiatric and socio-economic factors for suicide from individual-level, population-based studies: a systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 72(4), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.11.008
- Lin, J. J., & Lu, T. H. (2008). Suicide mortality trends by sex, age and method in Taiwan, 1971-2005. BMC Public Health, 8, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-6
- Lin, W., Wang, H., Gong, L., Lai, G., Zhao, X., Ding, H., & Wang, Y. (2020). Work stress, family stress, and suicide ideation: A cross-sectional survey among working women in Shenzhen, China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 747–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.081
- Mann, J. J., Michel, C. A., & Auerbach, R. P. (2021). Improving Suicide Prevention Through Evidence-Based Strategies: A Systematic Review. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 178(7), 611–624. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20060864
- Martínez-Alés, G., & Keyes, K. M. (2019). Fatal and Non-fatal Self-Injury in the USA: Critical Review of Current Trends and Innovations in Prevention. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(10), 104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1080-6
- Martinez-Ales, G., Hernandez-Calle, D., Khauli, N., & Keyes, K. M. (2020). Why Are Suicide Rates Increasing in the United States? Towards a Multilevel Reimagination of Suicide Prevention. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 46, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2020_158
- Miller, M., Lippmann, S. J., Azrael, D., & Hemenway, D. (2007). Household firearm ownership and rates of suicide across the 50 United States. The Journal of Trauma, 62(4), 1029–1035. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ta.0000198214.24056.40
- Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. (2018). National Plan for Prevention of Suicide. Retrieved from. https://www.mhlw.go.jp/kokoro/nation/about.html.
- Mokhtari, A. M., Gholamzadeh, S., Salari, A., Hassanipour, S., & Mirahmadizadeh, A. (2019). Epidemiology of suicide in 10-19 years old in southern Iran, 2011-2016: A population-based study on 6720 cases. Journal of Forensic And Legal Medicine, 66, 129–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2019.06.018
- Naghavi, M. (2019). Global, regional, and national burden of suicide mortality 1990 to 2016: Systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. BMJ, 364, 194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l94
- National Center for Health Statistics. (2021). About multiple cause of death 1999–2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd.html
- Oppong Asante, K., Kugbey, N., Osafo, J., Quarshie, E. N., & Sarfo, J. O. (2017). The prevalence and correlates of suicidal behaviours (ideation, plan and attempt) among adolescents in senior high schools in Ghana. SSM - population health, 3, 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.005
- Oquendo, M. A., & Baca-Garcia, E. (2014). Suicidal behavior disorder as a diagnostic entity in the DSM-5 classification system: advantages outweigh limitations. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of The World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 13(2), 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20116
- Pajoumand, A., Talaie, H., Mahdavinejad, A., Birang, S., Zarei, M., Mehregan, F. F., & Mostafazadeh, B. (2012). Suicide epidemiology and characteristics among young Iranians at poison ward, Loghman-Hakim Hospital (1997-2007). Archives of Iranian Medicine, 15(4), 210–213.
- Pandey G. N. (2013). Biological basis of suicide and suicidal behavior. Bipolar Disorders, 15(5), 524–541. https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12089
- Park, S., Song, Y. J., Kim, J., Ki, M., Shin, J. Y., Kwon, Y. M., & Lim, J. (2018). Age, Period, and Cohort Effects on Suicide Mortality in South Korea, 1992⁻2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(8), 1580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081580
- Patel, V., Ramasundarahettige, C., Vijayakumar, L., Thakur, J. S., Gajalakshmi, V., Gururaj, G., Suraweera, W., Jha, P., & Million Death Study Collaborators (2012). Suicide mortality in India: a nationally representative survey. Lancet, 379(9834), 2343–2351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60606-0
- Phillips, J. A., & Hempstead, K. (2017). Differences in U.S. Suicide Rates by Educational Attainment, 2000-2014. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 53(4),123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2017.04.010
- Pires, M. C., Silva, T.deP., Passos, M. P., Sougey, E. B., & Bastos Filho, O. C. (2014). Risk factors of suicide attempts by poisoning: review. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 36(2), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0044
- Qin P. (2011). The impact of psychiatric illness on suicide: differences by diagnosis of disorders and by sex and age of subjects. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(11), 1445–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.06.002
- Rezaeian, M., & Khan, M. M. (2020). Suicide Prevention in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Crisis, 41(Suppl 1), S72–S79. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000669
- Runeson, B., Tidemalm, D., Dahlin, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Langstrom, N. (2010). Method of attempted suicide as predictor of subsequent successful suicide: national long term cohort study. BMJ, 341(jul13 1), c3222–c3222. doi:10.1136/bmj.c3222
- Seponski, D. M., Somo, C. M., Kao, S., Lahar, C. J., Khann, S., & Schunert, T. (2019). Family, Health, and Poverty Factors Impacting Suicide Attempts in Cambodian Women. Crisis, 40(2), 141–145. https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000548
- Sinyor, M., Tse, R., & Pirkis, J. (2017). Global trends in suicide epidemiology. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000296
- Stark, C., Hopkins, P., Gibbs, D., Rapson, T., Belbin, A., & Hay, A. (2004). Trends in suicide in Scotland 1981 - 1999: age, method and geography. BMC Public Health, 4, 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-4-49
- Värnik, P., Sisask, M., Värnik, A., Arensman, E., Van Audenhove, C., van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., & Hegerl, U. (2012). Validity of suicide statistics in Europe in relation to undetermined deaths: developing the 2-20 benchmark. Injury Prevention, 18(5), 321-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040070
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sosyal Hizmetler (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 29 Nisan 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Kasım 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 29 Mart 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024Sayı: 27 |
- Makale Dosyaları
